Animal Cruelty Intresting Introduction to Speech

Cages upon cages are stacked in a plain room. Each contains a monkey that will live there the rest of its life which could be years or days away. From isolation and insanity they pace round and round in circles. When they are taken out different tests are performed on them. Among these brutal experiments, is being shoved in tubes to be bled, having tubes shoved down their throats, and being painfully injected several times. These animals will never be free. Human clinical and epidemiological studies, cadavers, and computer simulators are faster, more reliable, less expensive, and more humane than animal tests.Ingenious scientists have developed a model â€Å"microbrain† from human brain cells to study tumors, as well as artificial skin and bone marrow. We can now test for skin irritancy on cells in a test tube, produce vaccines from human cell cultures, and perform pregnancy tests using blood samples instead of killing rabbits. Says Gordon Baxter, cofounder of Pharmagene Labor atories, a drug research company that uses only human tissues and computers to develop and test drugs, â€Å"If you have information on human genes, what’s the point of going back to animals? â€Å"Every year around 1 million animals are subjected to potentially dangerous drugs that may cause severe pain both physically and psychologically to the animal. Can you not see the irony in this? Every year around 1 million animals are subjected to potentially dangerous drugs that may cause severe pain both physically and psychologically to the animal. Visualize the pumping of chemicals into a rats' stomach, hacking muscle tissue from dogs', and putting baby monkeys in isolation chambers far from their mothers. Is there a purpose for this? When picking out your mascara or eyeliner, do you even stop to see what kind of makeup you are using?You could be supporting animal cruelty and not even know it. Today many makeup products, such as mascara, are being tested on animals. Helpless a nd defenseless animals are being performed on for different types of experiments all around the world. Animal testing is animal cruelty. It's something that goes unnoticed every day because of the benefits for people that are a result of it. You are most likely connected with it every day; it's the new cosmetic line that you just bought, your shampoo you use daily, or maybe even a vaccine. It's something that's overshadowed by advancements in the medical field.

Human Race

A response to Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Lowest Animal† (1896) By: Thanusha Sritharan Is the human race cruel or just selfish? The human race is one of many distinct species in the world. Human beings share most of their traits and behaviors with other animals. The act of cruelty and violence to one another is one of the behaviors that humans differ from animals. In the essay â€Å"The Lowest Animal† (1896), Mark Twain claims that man can be cruel and wasteful in his lifetime. Although his statement does not imply to all humans, the moral sense enables us to do wrong.With the proof of news reports and media it is evident that man is cruel to animals, the society and to their household. When compared to people, dogs are known as a man’s best friend. Even though they are four-legged canines, dogs have a heart like gold. Dogs are also known for their ability to help people with visual impairments. They are very loyal and lovable to their owners and others. A stud y conducted by Mark Franz states that dogs happen to have a higher level of decency when compared to humans. In Toronto, a 32-year old woman, Alice Marcial, strangled her pet dog Jacob to death.This news article is very relevant to Mark Twain’s quote â€Å"Of all animals man is the one that is cruel. He is the only one that inflicts pain for the pleasure of doing it† (pg. 238). Not only do humans find pleasure by inflicting pain on animals but they also engage in public killings as a source of entertainment. Many people in the world live their life according to their sets of beliefs and values. In the world we live in today people feel the need to judge and have a say in others life choices. In Papua New Guinea, a mob tortured a group of woman who was accused of witchcraft.This mob tortured this group alive in front of hundreds of horrified witnesses including their family. To support this news article a quote my Mark Twain can be used, â€Å"Man is a religious animal † (pg. 237). This quote proves the fact that a man loves his religion and he only plays by his religion. Although witchcraft is not a religion it is something that group believed in. The act of shunning someone based on their religious choices is morally wrong and should not lead to any form abuse or death. In third world countries people abuse children in my different ways just to teach them a lesson.This happens every single day to millions of children around the world. Child abuse is something not to be taken easily. It is seen as a major social problem and it is one of many causes of the children’s death. For example, in Saudi Arabia a five-year-old Saudi girl was beaten to death by her father when in front of her entire family. There was no specific reason for this abuse but it cost the life of a five-year old girl. This news article can be supported by a Mark Twain quote, â€Å"Man is a cruel animal† (pg. 237).This quote proves the fact that man could do an ything to accomplish something regardless of who the victim is. With the proof of news reports and a study it is evident that man is descended from animals. Some people choose to do evil things even though they have conscious of what they are doing. A reason why people do this is because the moral sense enables men to do wrong. In the world we live today everyone makes mistakes. In fact this is not an excuse to make a cruel, unforgiving fault that could change yours or that person’s life.

Google ‘s mission statements Essay

1. How is Google’s mission statement related to its business strategy? Google is an organization that provide information to the world in which it can be accessible easily and letting people make use of the information and to make the world’s information universally accessible and useful. Google is always takes risk, because they really want to expand their market size so that it can reach the world. 2. How does Google’s information systems strategy support its business strategy? Google’s information systems strategy supports its business strategy. The implementing an innovation strategy in the firm for moderates the relationship between the market information system and organizational responsiveness. Innovation strategies value creative new ideas and promote risk taking to experiment with new ways or new approaches to various organizational activities. The sense-making process, the firm with an innovative strategy may construct  more novel or creative responses to the generated and shared information than the firm without an innovative strategy and firms without pursuing an innovative strategy, firms pursuing an innovative strategy are more willing to allocate resources to activities that respond to potential market opportunities and to test new ideas . So, the relationship between the market information system and organizational responsiveness is stronger in firms pursuing an innovative strategy than in firms that are not pursuing an innovative strategy. 3. How does Google’s organizational strategy support its business strategy? Google let data for a project that is going on and also let its systems to be accessible by all its employees through the help of company with Intranet. Intranet is an internal or private network of an organization based on Internet technology and accessed over the Internet. Google is let this be accessible because, they feel they might be other employees that may have idea of the work or project going on in other department. 4. Which of Porter’s three generic strategies does Google appear to be using ? There are three basic classifications strategy by Porter, which are cost Leadership , Differentiation and Focus, which target either a broad or a narrow market segment. Porter’s Three Generic Strategies Google is using Differentiation Generic Strategic , Google try to differentiate its search engine style different from other search engines and also how the ad style are been advertise is also different. The use of innovative processes for business is a unique business model. Google mission which is â€Å"to organize the world’sinformation and make it universally accessible and useful† shows that Google targeted to broad  market scope. Google also made its interface simple and easy touse compare to its rivals. Which most of it rivals have recently copied from Google.Google kept on investing on its employees so they can capture the big market or world. 5. Using D’Aveni’s Hypercompetitive Framework, analyze Google’s strategy and the type of market disruption it has created. D’Aveni’s Hypercompetitive Framework Google’s strategy and the type of market disruption it has created using a dynamic environment perspective. Google positions for speed and surprise by constantly innovating by setting limitations on how long it will take to make changes to its products and services. Through its new products and services Google gave, which are AdSense ( AdSense is a strategy for web advertesing which has gain money to web site owner without unpaid account) and GoogleApps, etc. Its low cost marketing its shifts the rules of competition by finding new and better ways to serve its customers.Google as an organization never stopped seeking new knowledge through its innovative management strategic and also they ready at all time to invest in risky projects that have a high-return potential. Beside of that, Google facing with critical problem in security of information system and Google puts security in the infrastructure and focuses more on detective and corrective control.

Difference between NIetzche's and Hegel's views on education (bildung) Essay

Difference between NIetzche's and Hegel's views on education (bildung) - Essay Example There is a difference between Hegel’s view that education (Bildung) is for everyone, and that everyone can be educated. Hegel emphasized that Bildung in the Civil Society refers to the education of the conscience to learn how to link the specific and the universal. The author reiterates that the Bildung includes giving credibility to the universal. The author goes further by stating that the Bildung education incorporates the theory that the individual members of society are private persons having their own diverse interests, wants, and needs as their objective. Since the objective goes through mediation passing through the universal, the individuals interpret the objective as the means. The individuals can attain their objective only if they determine their own diverse knowledge, volition, and action in a universal way in order to make themselves connections in the continuum chain. The above quote clearly shows that education, during Hegel’s time and during our present generation, is intertwined with many significant factors. For example, the students study engineering with the hope that they will be landing an engineering job, after graduation. The management students spend lots of time mastering their management concepts with the hope they will become future managers in the work place. In turn, the engineering companies are willing to accept new employees if they have the necessary skills, capabilities, and other relevant experiences needed to ensure the company’s goals are achieved on time and with quality. Hegel explains this process by stating that the uneducated person starts out from a perspective in which the specific interest is the objective and the universal is the means. This is the reverse of the proper relationship, in accordance with the universal is the objective and the specific is the means. Hegel explains that Bildung education is the dynamic relationship between the subjective aspects as well as the objective aspects of CRIC. To develop the subjective aspect, the full capability for holding on to the specific and universal in one firm bind, with thee objective presence of such institutions and objective precedence relations between them already in place. In addition, the subjective sense of CRIC sustains and aids the objective order. This can be explained as follows. The form of universality to where the specific had worked its way up and cultivated [heraufgebildet] itself, the comprehension [verstandigkeit], makes it happen that at the same time the specific [Besonderheit] is metamorphosed to the genuine being for itself of the individuality [Enizelheit]. Likewise, since the specific that universality accepts both the content which fills it and its infinite self-determination, specialty is itself cropping up in ethical life as free subjectivity which has infinite being for itself. The individual reaches universality. The universal reaches its content and infinite self-determination from the inter est as well as actions of the individuals. In short, Hegel’s Bildung education places importance on learning through action activities, as opposed to learning through book reading activities1. Further, Hegel theorizes in his valedictory address, on its graduating 1788 class, that the Turkish State had neglected its major responsibility to educate its citizens. Hegel states that education is a great influence on Turkey’s and any other average state’s government affairs. Bildung is pegged as the foundation of the political body. Manners, the state’s primary responsibility to further the citizen’s education and learning, sciences focus on the societal elements, and the arts2. In addition, there are many loyalists to the

Important assignment -527 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Important assignment -527 - Research Paper Example The capital city has a cold climate but is made colder by the nearness to Mount Kenya (Hornsby, 2012). The various inhabitants in Kenya are the Bantu, which takes the greatest percentage, followed by Notes. These put together, comprise of 97%. The coastal region is inhabited by European, who began exploring those areas and Arabs since the early times. Settlements began divisions when Kenya was colonized by the British Empire in 1985 and at around 1920, a clear way was prepared for their settlement. The Kenyan republic attained its independence in 1963, where it got the freedom to rule itself. It placed Nairobi to be its capital city that deals with commercial services with a great specialty in Agriculture. Kenya grows coffee and tea. The Swahili word came from the Bantus and was taken to be the mother language of the Swahili people in the coastal area. It became an official and national language for the country. Some vocabularies of Swahili got meaning from the Arabs time of the invasion in the coast, when they mingled with the Arabs who spoke Muslim and is a composition of some German, English, French and Portuguese (Steers, SaÃŒ nchez-Runde, & Nardon, 2010). The language was first spoken in the coast along Tanzanian border, before been made formal after independence by the then president of African Great Lakes region. The word then spread via fishermen in different coastal islands. Swahili began spreading along other regions from traders who dealt with cloves. During the trade time, they preferred the style as they maneuvered to other areas and in turn made people adopt. The word spread easily within the islands because the traders had established extensive contact with the people coming in and out of the coastal area. These made it a bit famous by the sixth century to Dar-es-salaam in Tanzania and most Kenyan regions. Currently, the biggest part of Kenya’s population is now in a position to speak Swahili. These are evidence where most

Saudi Aramco Procurement Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Saudi Aramco Procurement Process - Essay Example The millennium is characterized with information technology as instrument for world wide business expansion, networking and in engaging with business partners for sustainable operations. Information technology also improved communication processes and hastened responses to corporate needs and systematized all operations. For some institutions and companies, this optimized virtual mechanism for complex procedures by thoroughly mainstreaming transactional contract relations. This means that through technology, corporation evolved into certain level of structural sophistication in centralizing internal mechanism and resolving once complex manual procedures, including assertiveness in the interaction of business decision processes. All this are made possible through the development of systematized digitized system of information technology. This essay will attempt to explicate and illustrate how information technology improved procedural procurement engendered organizational readiness in terms of corporate financial and technological resources as well as of its capacity to respond to external pressure due to competition with trading. Transactional relations of contact and procurement are now even done using the internet. It will also attempt to analyze if hard system model befits Saudi Aramco Company’s procurement procedures. Procurement Procedure is a process on how a contract is obtained. It is a mechanism to control the nature, object, expectations, and delivery of outcome based on agreements. It is a universal mechanisms adopted by companies and institutions that are operating in large scale, or in a multi-enterprise level with expensive capital investments but is constantly confronted with concerns on production technologies adaptation, volatile markets and pervasive regulation (Estache & Atsushi (2008). This situation is true with oil and gas extractive industries where there are standards and control mechanism that should be adopted to systematize its operations. This is considered as complexity management. Managing Information System There is a systematic approach used in managing information systems. This approach is technology-focused, process-sensitive, quantitative and qualitative in application and methodical in analysis, procedures, tools and techniques (Dumitrascu, 2006). This is evident in computerized system designed by infotech experts like Cisco. It helped in knowledge management and in systematizing transactions by increasing it company’s corporate virtual realities, although these require persons equipped with knowledge to ensure that the system will be effectively interactive. This means that the person must be knowledgeable too in maximizing digitized information in documentation as well as in technical system optimization to protect it from overload and techie backlog. Complexity management treats all hard structured and soft unstructured problems. Its system is rational, scientific and logical and itâ₠¬â„¢s developed with the assumption that the world is clear out there and can be customized based on our needs (Dumitrascu, 2006). Complexity management can be done using varied diagrams. This can be Spray Diagram, Systems Maps, Influence Diagrams, Multiple-cause diagrams, Sign graphs, and Control Model Diagram. These are explicated as follows: a. Influence Diagram— also known as relevance  analysis or a decision network illustrated graphical and mathematical representation in decision-making. It was developed in 1970s and is now adopted widely and becoming an alternative to  decision tree which typically suffers from  exponential growth  in number of branches with each variable modeled (Detwarasiti and Shachter, 2005 ; Holtzman,1989). ID is practicable for team decision analysis because it allows incomplete sharing of information among team members to be modeled and solved explicitly. The semantic of

Internationalisation, Trade and Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internationalisation, Trade and Markets - Essay Example The amalgamation of economic policies among various states through the full or partial elimination of tariff and non-tariff restraints on trade that take place among them before their integration is known as Economic integration. It is an economic arrangement among various regions aiming at the elimination or reduction of trade barriers and the management of fiscal and monetary policies. The purposes of economic integration include reduction of costs for both producers and consumers, and to increase trade among the countries that take part in the contract. There are a variety of economic integration levels. They include free trade areas (FTA), preferential trade agreements (PTA), common markets, customs unions and monetary and economic unions. The trade barriers vanish with the economies becoming more and more integrated. Political and economic coordination among the member countries also surge due to economic integration.   Integration of economies of two or more states results in diminishing of short-term benefits arising due to tariffs and the other trade barriers. Simultaneously, the governments of the member countries become lesser and lesser powerful in making adjustments aimed to benefit themselves with the economies getting more integrated. Being integrated, a country can be lead to greeter long-term benefits in times of economic growth; however, an economy can get worse and worse while being integrated in times of poor growth. The North American trading bloc or the North American Free Trade Agreement originated as a free trade agreement among Canada and the United States. This Agreement created a free trade area extending to the Arctic Circle from the Rio Grande. This agreement is said to be the largest mutual trade relationship. The time when U.S. and Canada were shaping the U.S./Canada FTA, Mexico was restructuring its style to international trade. Thereafter, some major factors urged Mexico to join the General Agreement on Tariffs

Anishnabe change makers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anishnabe change makers - Essay Example The Anishinaabe people all speak closely related Anishinaabemowin languages of the Algonquian language family. One of the Anishinaabe change makers was George Manuel, born back in February 21st 1921 to Maria and Rainbow on the Secwepemc side of Shuswap people. Her mother, Maria later married Louie Manuel, and hence George inherited his second name. He started school at the Kamloops Indian Residential School. During this time he was, diagnosed with tuberculosis and later transferred to Indian TB hospital near Chilliwack, British Columbia. During his spell there, George met Marceline Paul; a Kootenai woman from St. Marys Indian Band and made her his first wife. They both married and together, had six children. He gained strength from his family, which added to his leadership quality. George started developing the urge of taking responsibility as a political leader which began to be a developing strain on his life in marriage. First elected as the chief of Neskon Indian Band and during the year 1959 and after the death of his mentor Andy Paul, he took the responsibility as the head of North American Indian Brotherhood. After he had broken up with Marceline, the federal Department of Indian Affairs offered him a position with the Cowichan Tribes at Duncan where he worked as a community development officer. As a change maker, George felt the need to have a vision for his life and his people in general. He opted to work for his community for the aboriginal people and the indigenous people of the world as well. He recognized that for aboriginal societies to effect change, the members of the community had to work together as one in order to achieve this goal. George moved from his position and advanced to a role with the Alberta brotherhood where he developed a strong and firm working relationship with the Cree political leader Harold

Are Children Harmed by Divorce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Are Children Harmed by Divorce - Research Paper Example Religious, moral, and legal concerns are only some issues highly linked to divorce. The divorce rate statistics in the United States have fallen in the recent years, but they are still considerably high, taking into consideration figures from other countries. In 2007, divorce rate was at 3.6 per 1,000 people, 3.5 in 2009, and 3.4 in 2009 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]). The drop in these rates is attributed to several factors, including the increasing incidences of cohabitation versus marriage. However, the emphasis of this paper dwells on the negative effects of parental divorce to children. Certainly, the causal relationship of parental divorce to harm on children is widely known, but some of these disadvantages are specified, as supported by previous researches. Reasons for divorce Couples do not just choose to divorce for one reason. Many factors are taken into consideration before the decision is finally made. As society has changed how it perceives marriage a nd the family, the purpose of staying together has also been modified, abolishing strict conformity to traditional roles and concepts. Common reasons for divorce are communication problems, financial difficulties, change in priorities, lack of commitment to the marriage, and infidelity. Such decision may also be influenced by physical, emotional, or sexual abuse by one partner to the other, failed expectations, inability to resolve conflicts together, child rearing issues, or addictions and substance abuse. Most of the time, reasons for divorce have intertwined or piled up causes where one or both partners eventually give up trying to fix their marriage and run to divorce as the â€Å"best† solution to their problems. Effects on children Divorce may offer advantages to adults, like pursuing a new career or a new partner, but children â€Å"see no benefit in divorce† (Clarke-Stewart and Brentano 106). Reactions of children towards their parents’ separation may va ry, but it could utterly affect them. Although more recent literatures contend that there are cases where children of divorce handle and survive this crisis after an ample amount of time, more often the negative effects occur rather than the positive reaction. Offsprings of divorce encounter more stresses that children in intact families do not have to experience. These stressors may affect children in various ways and in several aspects. According to age group Clarke-Stewart and Brentano (2006) present the effects of divorce to children according to age group. It does not necessarily mean, however, that these children are not able to function well in the presence of these emotions and experiences. It merely expresses that various ages react to the news of divorce differently. A. Infants and pre-schoolers Because infants are not yet fully emotionally attached to the parent they will be â€Å"losing† it is assumed that there will be no strong effects (109). The absence of the father will not create huge changes in the infant’s routine as long as the mother continues to nurture the baby well. However, in cases where the mother is stressed and tremendously affected with the crisis, the infant is vulnerable and prone to have insecure and disorganized maternal attachment if they have regular overnight visits from their fathers. Children of this age group who are victims of parental divorce are also seen to be less positive, affectionate, and engaged when playing with their mothers as compared to those who belong in married families, implying that divorce affects emotional relationship with the mother in infants and toddlers (109). Preschoolers tend to be more affected, confused of what is going on in the household and sometimes seeing themselves at fault for

Motivating the Employees Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivating the Employees - Case Study Example If Maryann is solely responsible for such behavior, then Burt can set Harriet Simon, who had always maintained the reports properly, as an example. However, Maryann failed to properly record the data, and this created grievances among the employees. Such irresponsible behavior by Maryann can considerably reduce the productivity of the employees. Burt needs to communicate to Maryann that such incident occurring due to her actions might lower the morale of the staff. In order to correct the irresponsible behavior of Maryann, it is quite imperative for Burt to act immediately – to identify the reasons for her actions and take corresponding measures to improve the behavior of Maryann and thus stimulate responsible work. Maryann must be reminded of the policies and the procedures of the company that she is supposed to abide by. The meeting can be conducted with Maryann and other employees to discuss the incidents of irresponsibility. During this meeting, the impacts of such unfavor able scenario on the organizational productivity should be addressed and certain corrective strategies developed. Burt could have prevented the dilemma by making his viewpoints apparent to Maryann at the time when he realized that the attitude of Maryann was quite unfavorable and she was incapable of accomplishing the delegated task. If Burt had corrected Maryann at the time she committed a mistake, he would have conveniently prevented the dilemma from occurring. If the evidence of poor performance had been produced before Maryann, the matter would have been resolved. When the evidence reveals the fact that there is an issue with an individual’s performance in terms of conduct, then it is necessary to refer to an organization’s disciplinary procedure. Training and coaching could have been offered to Maryann in order to improve her skills. Through adequate mentoring, Burt could have developed the knowledge  and the skills of Maryann. It is apparent from the case that Maryann was not serious enough and also did not properly focus on her job responsibilities.  

European learning institutions in the Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

European learning institutions in the Middle Ages Essay The Monastic schools provided the basis for the universities. The main purpose for the establishment of schools was to develop literacy in the society. Through the schools people were educated and hence became wiser. These schools led to the formation of universities as many individuals begun to pursue deeper meanings, verbal clarity and places for doing analysis. During the scholasticism period, the need for a place where intellectuals could do their studies increased greatly as the number of scholars and philosophers rose. Scholars started to analyze books and other information sources through reason and argumentation. Individuals who had gone through schooling had no place to further their studies and their number was increasing. This therefore led to the rise of universities as they provided a place for further studies. During the scholastic period there were many discoveries which were meant to enhance learning. The universities came up because of the need to have intellectuals together so that they can share ideas and opinions thereby leading to more discoveries. The university was a good place to do research and for individuals to learn from others. Additionally, individuals wanted to understand the Bible better and thus get closer to its truth. The university provided a good place where people could study the Bible and hence understand it better. Background of the students During this period, education was the privilege of the members of the upper classes and thus most of the students were from the upper classes in the society. There were few students from the lower classes who had the opportunity to have formal education. This could be attributed to insufficient educational resources thereby making them expensive and thus not affordable to the lower class members. Curriculum The schools curriculum was divided into two trivium and quadrivium. Trivium was composed of grammar, dialectic and rhetoric while qaudrivium contained geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music. In grammar, texts written by the Priscian who was a Latin grammarian were studied and applied. In dialectic, the works done by Aristotle were read while in rhetoric, the works of Cicero were studied. Arithmetic involved the study of multiplication and division, and in addition to that abacus and chronology were learned. Geometry mainly involved the study of Euclid while Astronomy involved studying the works of Bede and Pliny who was a Roman writer. In Music, the students were taught proportion, scale, music of the spheres and the harmony of the universe. During the Charlemagne period education was mainly based on written texts (Cunningham Reich, 2006). During the scholasticism period, learning was based on reasoning and argumentation. Books were chosen, read and subjected to investigation. Points of disagreements between books and other sources of information were written down and subjected to analysis using dialectics. Through the dialectics a common ground was found. During this period universities were formed and the curriculum of most universities primarily involved the study of philosophy, science, ancient culture and mathematics. In addition to studying the students were allowed to do research in their field of preference. The effects of formal educational institutions on the European society These institutions increased the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society. This can be attributed to background of the most students. Education was primarily the privilege of the upper class members and thus most of the lower class member never had the opportunity to have formal education. However, in spite of the gap in the society, the formal educational institutions provided the basis for more discoveries and developments in the European society. Through the institutions literacy in the society increased as more people improved their knowledge and skills. Additionally, the institutions reconciled different societies as translators and intermediaries were required. For instance, in translating Greek to English Muslims and Jews were utilized as translators and intermediaries. This therefore led to reconciliation between different religions as they dependent on each in enhancing learning. Furthermore, the learning institutions led to change in character as individuals begun to see things differently. This led to changes in the political scene as authoritative governments collapsed paving way for the democratic ones. Powers of the monasteries were reduced as democratic governments came into power. This is because more individuals understood their rights and hence started to fight for their rights. Word count: 717. Reference list Cunningham L. S. and J. Reich, (2006). Culture and values. Edition: 6. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 199.

Totalitarian Individualism Essay Example for Free

Totalitarian Individualism Essay Thesis:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through the analysis of Hannah Arendt`s The Origins of Totalitarianism,   Frederick Nietzche`s Morality as Anti-Nature, and contemporary philosopher Scott Adam’s God’s Debris, this author will shed light on the human desire to follow trend, and validate Nietzche’s argument that devout faith in cause is the product of anxiety about the unknown.   This anxiety requires that their must be some form of structure, not necessarily full on totalitarianism, but not a society full of free thinking individuals either. Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Hannah Arendt’s The Origins of Totalitarianism, he speaks on the origins of racism and what eventually led to Nazism.   He argues that the movement Hitler was able to form started as the result of apathetic and neutral masses that were oblivious to workings of their governments.   It is this type of majority that he credits as being the main provider of opportunity for a totalitarian minority to rule.   He talks about the social necessities for totalitarianism to strive, noting that those who aspire to total domination must liquidate all spontaneity, such as the mere existence of individuality will always engender, and track it down in its most private forms, regardless of how unpolitical and harmless these may seem (Arendt) The main focus of this ideology is to make one whole unit operating in the same given direction with absolutely no individual diverging parts.   Though Arendt acknowledges this to be a political tactic starting within national cultures and then working its way outward, the ideals inherent with this system of control are very telling about the human nature, and the human tendency to follow trend and form groups. This concept is very compatible with Scott Adam’s argument in his book God’s Debris. Adam’s initially presents his novel as a replacement for modern religions that find it hard to accommodate science within their canons.   He markets it as a new age creed to be followed by the next generation of masses.   Ironically, I fell for his ploy until reading Nietzche.   Scott Adams’ novel has become highly talked about and critically acclaimed in the contemporary philosophical community since its publication in 2001. In the introduction, he describes his novel as a thought experiment that poses philosophical questions to the common stances held in both religion and science.   The key argument of the book is: the purpose of life is to create communication systems (i.e. the internet, the radio and television).   As convincing as his novel is it is very clear that it adheres to some totalitarian ideals, and also to the human desire to know the cause of existence. Analysis: The Bible poses that God made man in his image. Scott Adams identifies with this concept in that he views god as an entity that thinks like man.   He argues, if God is all knowing, than the only thing God wouldnt know is what would life be like without he/she/itself. (Adams, pg14)    This curiosity leads to Gods self destruction and is Adams explanation for the Big Bang Theory.   This is very ironic considering that Nietzche argues that man is anxious about the unknown.   He says, with the unknown, one is confronted with danger, discomfort, and care,—the first instinct is to abolish [wegzuschaffen] these painful states (Nietzche, 5).   This is the first point where Adam’s argument is lacking, because he is treating God like a man and having him act exactly as a man would in this position.   Since the Big Bang is credited for the creation of the universe, Adams comes to the conclusion that we are all Gods Debris reforming God again. The again in the statement is key, because it poses the possibility that this is not the first time any of this has happened. Of course, until there is a universe, there can be no such thing as time. Plus, it only makes sense that God would be in a continuous cycle of self-destruction and rebirth, since everything else we are used to in our natural world operates in cycles. The main purpose of Adam’s argument is to pose that we are all attempting to form into one all knowing being through the creation of communication systems.   He is essential promoting a global form of totalitarianism.   He has also basically explained the meaning of life and the cause of creation.   This is all very comforting for one unfamiliar with Nietzche, who says, to derive something unknown from something familiar relieves, comforts, and satisfies, besides giving a feeling of power (Nietzche, 5).   This statement is true, because after first reading Adam’s ideology on creation I felt very powerful like I had the answer to the eternal question.   I literally felt like I was contributing to something larger than myself and that was my core purpose in life. I also no longer felt like an individual, but insignificant unless I was a contributing to the whole.   This feeling I felt even furthermore validates the view that Adam’s theory is one in the pursuit of global totalitarianism.   Arendt justifies it when he says, any neutrality, indeed any spontaneously given friendship, is from the standpoint of totalitarian domination just as dangerous as open hostility, precisely because spontaneity as such, with its incalculability, is the greatest of all obstacles to total domination over man (Arendt).    Here Arendt points out that a totalitarian system can not permit any individuality whatsoever; and by Adam’s definition, God can’t be reformed until every being knows what the others know.   His view does not promote racism, but it does imply the alienation of anyone unwilling to conform with the expectations of the information age.    Arendt goes on to explain what totalitarian systems do to individuals like this with an example from the Nazi regime: if he is purged from the party and sent to a forced-labor or a concentration camp. On the contrary, to the wonder of the whole civilized world, he may even be willing to help in his own prosecution and frame his own death sentence (Arendt).   This is only the natural fellowship that forms when people congregate, and it has all of the symptoms of a cult. The main thing that both the Nazi regime and Adam’s theory have in common, are its use of God as a core motivator.   With god as the center of Adam’s argument, there is a sense of obligation to adhere to his laws.   This is very similar to the Nazi regime that felt it was chosen by God as the racial elite to purge the world of those who were inferior.   Nietzche acknowledges the powerful hold that God has on the rational of man.   In fact, it is the entire theme of Morality as Anti-Nature.   He says: the world does not form a unity either as a sensorium or as spirit—that alone is the great liberation; with this alone is the innocence of becoming restored The concept of God was until now the greatest objection to existence We deny God, we deny the responsibility in God: only thereby do we redeem the world. (Nietzche, 8) Basically arguing that to deny God is to liberate oneself from burden, his argument has a very ironic undertone considering the number of wars that have been declared in God’s name, and the vast number of people who sacrifice their happiness to do what they deem to be God’s will.   The prime example of this is World War II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The key argument that both Arendt and Neitzche propose is that some people have weaker wills than others.   Arendt argues this when he points out that the societies most vulnerable to totalitarian governments are those that have a non caring apathetic majority.   Those who don’t have the will power to get involved with their own governments, or to make a conscious effort to vote, these people tend to be taken advantage of and eventually disregarded by powerful totalitarian structures formed under their noses. Neitzche argues this notion when he says, †¦in the fight against a craving—castration, extirpation—is instinctively chosen by those who are too weak-willed, too degenerate, to be able to impose moderation on themselves; by those who are so constituted that they require ‘la Trappe’ (Nietzche,2).   Here he identifies that some people need to have a structure forced upon them by nature, because they are too weak minded to think for themselves.   They have no choice but to follow trend, or Hitler, whichever it may be.   Ironically, what Neitzche and Arendt deem to be weak will, Socrates refers to as ignorance and credits it as the cause for evil. Socrates was a man filled with faith in human nature.   Socrates’ philosophy of human nature doing evil was that a person only does evil in ignorance, for he believed everyone, just as himself wants only what is good.   The source of someone doing evil is brought about by unlimited desire.   Something that goes unmitigated becomes possessive of that person and they in turn want, and want, without satiation.   This is when the appetitive part of the soul (the part of the soul that wants sex, food, etc.) overtakes the rational (part seeking truth, and reason) of the soul resulting in moral weakness or akrasia. This idea is very compatible with the opening line of Morality as Anti-Nature, when Neitzche says, all passions have a phase when they are merely disastrous, when they drag down their victim with the weight of stupidity (Neitzche, 1).   Though Socrates and Neitzche agree on this aspect, they would disagree on Neitzche’s point that God should be disregarded.   In Neitzche’s defense Aristotle argued that by Socrates inciting a belief in God, he was also placing too much blind faith in the human nature to be virtuous.   It is no wonder why religious canons focus so much of their effort on regulating pleasure and passion; and as Scott Adam’s shows God can still be used to herd people in a totalitarian direction, even today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In sum, confronting this idea that to deny God is to liberate one’s self, it brings up many questions.   Theoretically speaking, if there is no God, what is their to prevent chaos, but the structure of man made law and a totalitarian society?   Even if God is used as a catalyst to erupt corrupt governments, these governments keep more piece than chaos can bring. It is the anxiety of the people that needs to be controlled, the anxiety of what life would be like without governmental control, the anxiety of what life would be like without God.   Though Nietzche speaks rationally for the individual who wants complete freedom, his words are lost on the Arendt’s masses, and especially those who devoutly follow the Reich.   The only hope within acknowledging that all societies’ sanity reside in the use of a mildly totalitarian system, is to have some citizens who pride themselves on being free thinking individuals, a totalitarian individualist culture. Work Cited Adams, Scott. Gods Debris. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2004. Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Schocken, 2004. Nietzsche, Friedrich et.al. Twilight of the Idols. New York: Penguin Books, 1990. Plato. Complete Works. Ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997

The Global Childhood Obesity Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay

The Global Childhood Obesity Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay In this paper, the author will examine the complex interaction of social, economic, biological and environmental determinants of health that may explain the recent explosion and shifts in demographic trends of this world wide problem and briefly explore lifestyle and behavioural factors that may create particular risks. This will be followed by discussion about causes, complications and treatment options of childhood obesity. The author will review and analyse determinants and health policy initiatives, critically appraise various global, national and local strategies, initiatives and interventions which are aimed to prevent obesity in childhood and also examine how they are linked to conventional health promotion models and theories. By critically examining the range of interactions and existing initiatives, the author seeks to propose appropriate interventions to tackle the growing challenge of childhood obesity. Key words: childhood obesity, inequalities, policy, strategy, prevention, health promotion DEFINITION Obesity/Adiposity is defined as a condition characterised by excessive body fat. Body fat can either be stored predominantly around the waist or around the hips. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to measure obesity and defined as: bodyweight(Kg) (Keys et al. 1972) height(m)2 BMI is useful in clinical practice and in epidemiologic studies, but has limitations and in his report (2004), Wang reported that although a high BMI-for-age is a good indicator of excess fat mass, BMI differences among thinner children can be largely due to fat-free mass. Two international datasets that are widely used to define overweight and obesity in pre-school children are the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference and WHO standard (WHO Child Growth Standards, 2006). None is superior to the other and both tend to underestimate or overestimate the prevalence when used on the same population (Monasta et al. 2010). Thresholds for obesity in children in UK (and Scotland) are measured by referring to UK National BMI classification system that uses reference curves based on data from several British studies between 1978 and 1990(ScotPHO 2007). Children are classified as overweight or obese using the 85th and 95th percentiles as cut points. PREVALENCE trends Obesity has become an epidemic in many parts of the world and surveys over the last decade have documented the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight among children along with rising socioeconomic inequalities (WHO factsheet 2006; Lobstein 2004). The latest WHO report (Mercedes, Monika and Elaine, 2010) based on surveys from 144 countries estimates that globally, 43 million children (including 35 million in developing countries) are overweight and obese and another 92 million are at risk of overweight. This corresponds to a prevalence increased from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010. In England, 2008 figures showed 16.8% of boys aged 2 to 15, and 15.2% of girls were classed as obese, an increase from 11.1% and 12.2% respectively in 1995(Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2010). Scotland has one of the highest levels of obesity in OECD countries; only the USA and Mexico having higher levels. In 2008, 15.1% children were obese and 31.7% were overweight. This is predicted to worsen even with current health improvement efforts (Scottish Govt. report, 2010). Amidst this doom and gloom scenario are recent reports showing trends in overweight and obesity prevalence have stabilized or reversed in France (Lioret et al.2009), Switzerland (Aeberli, 2008) and Sweden (girls 1011 years) (Sjoberg et al. 2008). In the US too, the obesity epidemic may be stabilising (US CDC Report, 2008; Ogden et al.2010) but it is too early to know whether the data do reflect a true plateau (Cali and Caprio, 2008). Similarly, in England, trends in overweight and obesity prevalence have levelled off after 2002 (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole 2010). COSTS Healthcare costs of obesity are only a fraction of overall costs to society (McCormick 2007) due to loss of employment, production levels and premature pensions and extra burdens on businesses. Obesity is responsible for 28% of health costs in Europe and other developed countries (WHO 2007). Total cost to NHS Scotland of obesity in 2007/8 was about 175 million and expected to double by 2030. The total cost to Scottish society of obesity in 2007/8 was in excess of 457 million and expected rise to 0.9 billion-3 billion by 2030 (Scottish Govt. report 2010). In England, updated estimate of direct obesity-related costs to NHS is 4.2 billion and this may double by 2050. Cost to the wider economy is in the region of 16 billion, and will rise to 50 billion per year by 2050 if left unchecked (UK Public health report). INEQUALITIES Although an earlier review by Parsons et al.(1999) reported no clear relationship between socio-economic status (SES) in early life and childhood obesity (but confirmed a strong relationship with increased fatness in adulthood), a more recent systematic review (Shrewsbury Wardle 2008) supports the view that overweight and obesity tend to be more prevalent among socio-economically disadvantaged children in developed countries. Similar patterns are shown in data from England (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole 2010; Law, 2007) and Scotland (Scottish Govt. report, 2010). However, trends vary within different ethnic populations (Wang and Zhang 2006) e.g., a review by Caprio et al. (2008) concluded higher prevalence in non-Caucasian populations in US. Earlier reports (Wang, 2001) revealed that the burden of this problem was mainly in wealthier sections of the population in developing nations. In contrast, later reports (Lobstein, Baur and Uauy 2004; Wang and Lobstein 2006) indicate that prevalence is rising among the urban poor in these countries, possibly due to their exposure to Westernized diets overlapping with a history of undernutrition. The reasons for the differences in prevalence of childhood obesity among population groups are complex, involving race, ethnicity, genetics, physiology, culture, SES including parental education, environment, and interactions among these determinants (Law et al.2007; Sonia et al. 2008; Townsend and Ridler, 2009). CAUSES and COMPLICATIONS The development of obesity in childhood and subsequently in adulthood involves interactions among multiple factors (the obesogenic environment): * personal (e.g., dietary and physical activity patterns preferences; disability) * environmental (e.g., home, school, and community) * societal (e.g., food advertising, social network, and peer influences) * healthcare-related (access availability) * physiological (e.g. genetics, race and ethnic, psychological, metabolic) Although genetic factors can have an effect on individual predisposition (Rankinen et al 2002), rapidly rising prevalence rates are explained by perinatal and environmental factors (Wojcik Mayer-Davis 2010). Key perinatal factors for childhood obesity are maternal overweight before, during and after pregnancy (Oken at al. 2007; Whitaker and Dietz 1998), smoking (von Kries et al. 2002) and bottle-feeding (Gillman et al. 2001). The mothers dietary habits and level of physical activity are also important factors (Wojcik Mayer-Davis 2010). The First Law of Thermodynamics implies that weight gain is secondary to increased caloric intake and/or decreased energy expenditure (Anderson and Butcher 2006). Decreased physical activity levels associated with sedentary recreation (video and computer games), mechanised transportation (less walking), and increasing urbanization (limited opportunity to physical activity) (Trost et al. 2001; Gordon-Larsen, McMurray and Popkin 2000) are associated with increased risk of obesity. Children with disability are at a greater risk to develop obesity (Reinehr et al. 2010) due to several reasons including health issues and restricted access to physical activity. Television viewing is thought to promote weight gain not only by decreasing physical activity, but also by increasing energy intake (Epstein et al. 2008). Also, television advertising could adversely affect dietary patterns at other times throughout the day (Lewis and Hill, 1998). Psychosocial factors are linked to dietary and physical activity behaviours that define energy balance. Children who suffer from neglect and depression are at increased risk for obesity during childhood and later in life (Johnson GJ et al. 2002; Pine DS et al. 2001). On the other hand, social support from parents and others increases participation in physical activity of children and adolescents (Sallis, Prochaska, Taylor 2000). There is evidence that breast milk in infancy may moderately protect against overweight in childhood (Davis 2001) while intake of foods with high glycemic index, sugar sweetened soft drinks and fast foods are associated with increased risk and prevalence of childhood obesity (Ludwig et al. 1999; Ludwig et al. 2001; French 2001); however, long term trials are needed to corroborate this association. Also, eating out (Zoumas-Morse et al. 2001) appears to be an important contributory life style factor. Excessive fat in the diet is believed to cause weight gain (Jequier 2001); however, this association is not consistently shown in epidemiological studies (Atkin L-M Davies 2000; Troiano 2000). Moreover, the type of dietary fat consumed more important than total fat consumption (Kris-Etherton P et al. 2001). Lustig (2006) proposes that the relationship between changes in the environment and neuroendocrinology of human energy balance is complex. The author explains that behaviours of increased caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure are secondary to obligate weight gain that is due to associated hyperinsulinemia, leptin antagonism and interference with normal satiety. Childhood obesity is a multisystem disease with potentially serious complications: * Cardiovascular risk factors along with insulin resistance have been documented in children as young as five years old (Young-Hyman et al. 2001). * Several studies suggest that childhood overweight/ obesity is associated with increased mortality risk in later life (Gunnell 1998; Dietz 1998). * The rapidly rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in obese children is worrying in view of the vascular complications (heart disease, stroke, limb amputation, kidney failure, blindness) (Ludwig and Ebbeling 2001; Sinha et al. 2002). These risks appear to be higher in non-Caucasians (Goran , Ball and Cruz 2000) * Adverse psychosocial effects [more severe in white girls (Richard 2000)]. Treatment Effective intervention is essential because obese children are likely to face substantial health risks as they mature (Cali and Caprio 2008; Speiser et al.2005). Further, as healthcare costs of this problem are rising (Wang and Dietz 2002); intervention is required to prevent morbidity in adulthood while effective tools for primary prevention are being developed. Spear et al. (2007) reviewed the evidence about the treatment options in primary care, community, and tertiary care settings and proposed a comprehensive 4-step approach for weight management. This view is supported by a similar review by Uli, Sundarajan and Cuttler (2008). Several large reviews of lifestyle (i.e. dietary, physical activity and/or behavioural therapy) interventions for treating childhood obesity (Luttikhuis et al. 2008; Freeman 2008; Epstein et al. 1985) concluded that family based combined behavioural and lifestyle interventions can produce significant reduction in overweight in children and adolescents. Although Golan et al. (1998) suggested that targeting exclusively parents for change was superior to targeting only children for change, behavioural approaches involving both parents and children in the framework of a combined lifestyle intervention appear to be more effective (Wilfley et al. 2007; Epstein 1994; Bronwell 1983). Moreover, intensive lifestyle intervention (with mandatory caloric restriction, multiple counselling sessions and clinic visits and daily exercise) appears to be more effective (Nemet at al. 2005) than standard lifestyle intervention (Epstein et al. 1980). Although there is no consistent evidence to show the effectiveness of decreasing sedentary behaviour in terms of reducing television viewing (Dennison et al. 2004; Gortmaker et al. 1999), restricting TV food advertising to children may be one of the most cost-effective population-based interventions (Magnus et al. 2009). In obese adolescents, treatment with orlistat or sibutramine is sometimes used as adjunct to lifestyle interventions. However, these drugs have the potential for significant side effects and this approach needs close monitoring and follow-up (Freemark 2007). Data indicate substantial weight loss after bariatric surgery in morbidly obese adolescents but potential serious complications (Lawson et al. 2006; Uli et al. 2008) necessitating close follow-up and dedication to a specialized dietary regimen (Shen, Dugay Rajaram 2004) for successful results. Role of schools Systematic reviews of random controlled trials (RCT) by Reilly and McDowell (2003) and Summerbell et al. (2005) concluded that the evidence base for interventions in childhood activity or school-based initiatives for prevention of obesity remains limited. In contrast, Thomas et al. (2004) in their review put forward a more positive conclusion. Similarly, Flynn et al. (2006) and Doak et al. (2006) reported favourable outcomes in nearly all trials they reviewed. Interestingly, in an analysis of school-based programs, authors from National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), UK (2006) indicated that the evidence does not convincingly support the multidisciplinary whole school approach advocated by UK National Healthy Schools Program. Nonetheless, Connelly, Duaso Butler (2007) in their review of RCTs have supported a decisive role for obligatory provision of aerobic physical activity in schools coupled with nutritional education and skills training. Finally, Kropski, Keckley Jensens review (2008) concludes that although evidence is limited, schools play an important role in prevention strategies and different techniques directed at boys and girls for a program may have more impact. HEALTH PROMOTION MODELS RELATED TO PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY KnowledgeAttitude-Behaviour model proposes that as knowledge accumulates, changes in attitude are set off resulting in gradual change in behaviour. The model assumes that a person is rational (Barnowski 1997). However, evidence shows that most people in most situations do not exhibit objectively rational behaviour (Shafir LeBeouf 2002). The commonest application for promoting change by use of this model has been the provision of information in school curricula. Although knowledge partially mediates a relationship between goal setting and self-efficacy, it is not related to a change in the behaviour (Schnoll Zimmermann 2001) or to changes in physical activity behaviour (Rimal 2001) except perhaps in limited subsets of people (Wang Biddle 2001). Besides, no research has demonstrated that knowledge-based intervention programs lead to behavioural change (Contento et al.1995). Thus, the KAB model, independently, is an inadequate tool in promoting dietary or physical activity-related behavioural change. Behaviour Learning Theory (BLT): According to BLT, behaviours are performed in response to stimuli, and the frequency of such behaviour after a stimulus will increase if the behaviour is reinforced (Skinner 1938). A modern version of BLT, the Behavioural Economics model (Epstein 1999) suggests behaviour is the result of benefits and costs where benefits are reinforcers. Obese people obtain more reinforcing value from food than others (Saelens Epstein 1996) whereas physical activity was found to be more reinforcing among non-obese people (Epstein et al.1991). Further, the distance to a preferred physical activity reduced the reinforcing value of the preferred activity (Raynor, Coleman Epstein, 1998). Thus, obese people tend to find behaviours that lead to obesity more reinforcing. Saelens Epstein (1988) applied the model successfully in obtaining increased physical activity. However, application of reinforcers procedures on controlling behaviour is challenging and not all parents may be able to do it. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL: The Health Belief Model helps explain utility of health services and has been widely applied to health-related behaviours (Rosenstock 1966; Janz, Champion Strecher 2002). The model explains health actions through the interaction of sets of beliefs: perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness perceived benefits and disadvantages and cues to action. There is evidence that promptness to cues varies depending on their source (Jones, Fowler Hubbard 2000) and perceived importance (Strychar et al 1998). Perception of susceptibility also varies between populations and may not translate into intention to change behaviour (Humphries Krummel 1998) or may do so only weakly (Leventhal, Kelly Leventhal 1999). A meta-analysis study by Witte and Allan (2000) of fear-based communications revealed that they can induce behavioural change by affecting individuals perception of threat. However, because children and adolescents tend to see themselves as immortal, the concept of fear and threat and perceived risk, susceptibility and seriousness are not useful in this age group. HBM may become more relevant if the perceived seriousness of and susceptibility to obesity becomes alarming (Baranowski 2003). Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) proposes (Bandura 1986) that behaviour is a function of continuous mutual interaction between the environment and the person. Changing behaviour revolves around the ability to exert self-control which is motivated by outcome expectancies because people desire to achieve positive outcomes and avoid negative outcomes. The theory has been tested with a number of behaviours and number of target populations (Bandura 2004; Sharma, Wagner Wilkerson 2006). Programs based on SCT have resulted in some changes as reported in a review by Sharma (2005) of school-based interventions for preventing childhood obesity where SCT was the most popular basis of intervention. However, the predictability of SCT concepts for understanding diet and physical activity among children (Baranowski, Cullen Baranowski 1999) is poor it could be that the concepts are too complex to influence the behaviours of children. Children may not be expected to or able to exercise much control over their diet or physical activity and therefore environmental variables like parenting (Cullen et al.2003) and availability of food and physical equipment (Hearn et al. 1999) are more significant. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) or Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975; Madden Ajzen 1986) has been applied in many health behaviours (Sutton 1997). It proposes that attitudes, perceived social norms and perceived behavioural control predict behavioural intentions which in turn influence behaviour (Armitage Conner 2001). However, some behaviours are not under a persons control (e.g., healthier food choices may not be available at neighbourhood stores) which is a limitation of TRA. Further, it may be difficult to predict social norms (Terry Hogg 1996). Goding Koks review (1996) reported that the efficiency of the theory varies between health-related behaviour categories. TPB model has been applied to childhood obesity prevention programs with results showing both good (Andrews, Silk Eneli 2010) and mixed (Fila Smith 2006) predictability. Transtheoretical model (T) This model proposes that health behaviour change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination and describes 10 processes that enable this change (Prochaska et al.1992). The model has been successfully applied in addictive disorders like smoking (Velicer at al. 1998) but has limitations when applied in the treatment of eating and weight disorders (Wilson Schlam2004). T has been applied to obesity with studies reporting both good (Sarkin et al. 2001) and poor predictability (Macqueen, Brynes, and Frost 2002). Ecological and Social Ecological Models The complex etiopathogenesis of childhood obesity suggests that social ecological (SE) models may yield creative lasting solutions (Huang and Glass 2008). The SE model initiated by Bronfenbrenner (1977) and subsequently developed for understanding obesity by Davison and Birch (2001) and Story et al. (2008) propose that the individual is shown as contributing their cognitions, skills and behaviours, lifestyle, biology and demographics, while embedded in other circles representing the social, physical and macro-level environments to which they are exposed including families, neighbourhoods and the larger cultural environment. Swinburn, Egger Raza (1999) have described the ANGELO (analysis grid for environments linked to obesity) framework which is an ecological model for understanding the obesogenicity of environments. The International Obesity Task Forces model is also based on this theory and describes societal policies and processes with direct and indirect influences on body weight (Kumanyika et al. 2002) as shown here: An ecological approach is also the basis of the Canadian model: the Child Health Ecological Surveillance System (CHESS) represents a prototype for addressing childhood obesity through a local approach, with possible generic applications and global implications (Plotnikoff 2010). Global, regional and national prevention strategies As part of the response to fight the childhood obesity epidemic, WHO (2004) developed the Global Strategy for Diet, Physical Activity and Health (DPAS) and produced a range of tools to assist Member States and stakeholders to implement DPAS. It emphasised that National plans should have achievable short-term and intermediate goals. A schematic model developed by WHO (2008) for implementation and monitoring of DPAS provides the basis for a framework for action and explains how supportive environments, policies and programmes can influence behaviour changes in a population and have lasting environmental, social, health and economic benefits. The monitoring and evaluation component provides the foundation for promotion, policy development and action. Figure 2: Implementation framework for the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health The model emphasises the need of right mix of upstream (socio-ecological) approaches aim to shape the economic, social and physical (built and natural) environments, midstream ( lifestyle) approaches aim to directly influence behaviour (reducing energy intake and increasing physical activity), and downstream (health services) approaches support health services and clinical interventions (Sacks, Swinburn and Lawrence 2008). Population-based prevention strategies developed in the context of a social determinants-of-health approach and implemented both at the national level and locally in school and community-based programmes help to change the social norm by encouraging healthy behaviours. Further, the responsibility of tackling health risks when transferred from the individual to governments (and decision-makers) helps to address associated socio-economic inequalities (WHO 2009). To be successful, action by multiple stakeholders, coordinated by strategic leadership is vital. Global surveillance tools recommended for growth assessment are Child Growth Standards (WHO 2006) and the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) (WHO 2009). WHO has identified key challenges of population based prevention strategies: * Globalization of food systems creating economic and social drivers of obesity through changes in the food supply and peoples diets, * Poorly designed urbanization * Deepening socioeconomic inequalities * Obesity in those with physical and/ or mental disabilities. * Cost-effectiveness: A model-based analysis by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and WHO, suggests that combined approaches which address multiple determinants can improve efficiency of intervention programmes (Sassi 2009). Based on The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986), key elements of global prevention strategies based are: * Work at multiple settings schools, after-school programmes, homes and communities and clinical settings * Identify and include vulnerable groups. * Use of correct approach, or better, a mix of approaches for a given situation is crucial along with concern of country- and community-specific factors, such as availability of resources and/or socioeconomic disparities. * Set priorities and targets and engage with all stakeholders in a transparent manner. * Allow public access to information on partnerships and disclose potential conflicts of interest to minimize conflicts of interest. * Effective programme implementation and sustainability long term planning and budgeting, as well as identifying cost-effective interventions such as the ACE-Obesity project (Carter et al. 2009) is vital.. * Creative funding to warrant long-term sustainability; this might include the development of strategies to uncouple funding by the private sector from direction setting and intervention selection. The International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) have developed in consultation with WHO a set of (Sydney) principles defined to cover the commercial promotions of foods and beverages to children and guide action on changing marketing practices them (2007). The principles aim to ensure a degree of protection for children against obesogenic foods and beverages. In November 2006, European Union (EU) Member States adopted the European Charter on Counteracting Obesity, which defines WHO policies and action areas at the local, regional, national and international levels for all stakeholders in government and private sector (food manufacturers, advertisers and traders) and professional, consumers, international and intergovernmental organizations. To encourage individual behavioural change, the strategy Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives: A Cross-Government Strategy for England (2008) has been developed with following key features: * Children, healthy growth and weight * Promoting healthier food choices * Building physical activity into peoples lives (Healthy towns build on the EPODE model ( Borys 2006) * Creating incentives for better health * Personalised advice and support Policy drivers include national policy changes (e.g. increased support for surveillance, promotion of breast feeding, bans on unhealthy food advertisements, social marketing campaigns); changes to the food supply (e.g. development of a healthy food code, introduction of front-of-pack labelling, limits on fast-food restaurants near schools and parks, increased supply of fresh fruit and vegetables to stores in deprived areas); development of a national physical activity plan in part (tied to the 2012 Olympics with the purpose of improving built environments); and improved nutrition-related health service provision). The project is led by an intergovernmental team, and has provided resources for local authorities and National Health Service (NHS) and established knowledge-sharing points. Partnerships within government have been strengthened in order to leverage funds and to integrate projects into existing strategies and programmes. * Facilitate a national dialogue on societys response to the epidemic of excess weight * Develop a comprehensive marketing programme * National prioritisation and clear accountability within Government * Build up Staff skills and capabilities * Extensive support and guidance for PCTs and local authorities * Clear Whitehall decision-making and setting aside financial resources The Government and Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) have developed a Route Map to prevent overweight and obesity (2010) for decision-makers working with their partners, NHS Scotland and businesses to develop and subsequently deliver lasting solutions. The Government has targets to reduce the rate of increase in the proportion of children with unhealthy BMI by 2018 but none yet for obesity or weight management. Policies for prevention are directed at reducing energy consumption, increasing physical activity and minimising sedentary behaviour, creating positive health behaviour through early life interventions and building healthier work place environments. Policy drivers include: 1. For obesity management: * The HEAT (health improvement, efficiency, access, treatment) H3 target for child healthy weight intervention programmes * Counterweight (evidence based obesity management in Primary Care) * Scottish Enhanced Services for childhood obesity in the Western Isles 2. For obesity prevention * Implement initiatives in Lets Make Scotland More Active * Recipe for Success: Scotlands National Food and Drink Policy * Eight Healthy Weight Communities programmes across Scotland * Seven Smarter Choices Smarter Places active travel demonstration towns * The Take Life On national social marketing campaign aims * Beyond the School Gate and NHS Health Scotlands Healthy Weight Outcomes Framework will provide guidance to help create health-promoting communities In addition, there are several national programs directed to a Greener, Healthier, Smarter, Safer and Stronger Scotland which are likely to have indirect contribution to tackle overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: The essay emphasises the rapidly increasing burden of childhood obesity with associated population profile changes and increasing social inequalities. It explains the complex multifaceted and interlinked causal pathways that form the obesogenic environment. Community and school-based obesity intervention and prevention programmes are described and the role of research protocols in gathering evidence for such interventions and their usefulness is briefly explored. Existing global, regional and national prevention and implementation strategies to fight childhood obesity are specified. The author has reviewed and compared various forms of prevention strategies and interventions (singly and in combination) that are in practice and in which conditions they are effective. The important role of socio-economic development and government policies on urban planning, environment, transport, and education and vitally, the agriculture and food industry can be designed and implemented to achieve reduction of obesity is emphasised. Evidence for effective prevention of childhood obesity is strongly challenged at present. Further research is required to identify best practice procedures for public health policies that are cost-effective, culturally sensitive, deal

Essay --

With its abundance of genera, the Burgess Shale is one of the world’s most important fossil fields. It’s discovery in 1909 led to over 100 years of paleontological study in the Canadian Rockies, a majority of which has been carried out in two quarries known as the Walcott and Raymond quarries (Hagadorn, 2002). Though he was originally in search of trilobites in the Burgess Shale Formation, paleontologist Charles Walcott also discovered a diverse group of soft- and hard-bodied fossils, from algae and sponges to chordates and cirripeds (Hagadorn, 2002). Soft-bodied fossils are incredibly rare due to their delicate structure and susceptibility to decay, so it is hard-bodied fossils that more regularly occur in fossil findings. However over 75,000 soft-bodied specimens have been found in the Burgess Shale formation (Hagadorn, 2002). These specimens are preserved in layers of shale formed from deposits of fine mud. One of the most significant species discovered is the Pikaia gracilens. Believed to be an early chordate, the Pikaia gracilens existed very close to the beginning of the evolutionary path that ultimately lead to humans (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia, 2006). The Burgess Shale formation is characteristically informative of significant events in the evolutionary path of multiple organisms. Its abundance of exquisitely preserved Lagerstà ¤tte has inspired paleontologists to refer to this mode of preservation as ‘Burgess Shale-type’ (Williams, 2009). The Burgess Shale is located in British Columbia’s Yoho National Park; Part of the ancient landmass called Laurentia (Scott, et al., 2000). Fossils found within the formation dating back 545-525 million years ago represent original species from the Cambrian explosion, a relativel... ...deposition and blanket of sediment kept the organisms compressed with little exposure to oxygen for decay. If life was predominately terrestrial during the Cambrian, the organisms predictably would have been left untouched after death long enough to decay, preventing the fine preservation of many soft-bodied organisms. Fortunately enough, it was marine life that dominated the Cambrian (Scott, et al., 2000). Over the past century, the Burgess Shale has revealed important information about the development of earth’s history. The excavation of the Burgess Shale formation provided evidence for what was once just a theory in evolution. The taphonomic findings of the Burgess Shale have played a significant role in understanding the large diversity that resulted from the Cambrian explosion, advancing the study of evolutionary assemblages for Paleontologists worldwide.

Othello: Iago Makes Othello Believe His Wife Is Having An Affair Essay

Othello: Iago Makes Othello Believe His Wife Is Having An Affair In Shakespeare's "Othello," Iago carefully and masterfully entraps Othello into believing that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with Cassio. He does this through a series of suggestions and hesitations that entice and implant images into Othello's head that lead him to his own demise. More importantly, Iago gives Othello the motive to murder his own innocent wife Desdemona, satisfying Iago's immense appetite for revenge. The motive for Iago's devious plan is initially made clear in the first of three major soliloquies, in which he proclaims Othello has had an affair with his wife, Emilia: "And it is thought abroad that t'wixt my sheets/ He's done my office" (I.iii.381-383). The irony behind this line is where he continues: "I know not if't be true/ But I, for mere suspicion in that kind; / Will do as if for surety"(I.iii.383-385). Iago is so exceedingly paranoid and insane that he will go far as murdering, and deluding even a general into murdering his wife. Iago simultaneously conducts a devious plan to obtain Cassio's position as lieutenant, using Desdemona's prime weakness; her naivety. He disgraces Cassio by intoxicating him enough so he strikes Roderigo. Othello then discharges Cassio of his Lieutenancy when he says: "Cassio, I love thee,/ But nevermore be officer of mine" (II.iii.242-244). It was therefore understandable that he would fall to the mercy of Iago, completely oblivious to the inevitable effects. Iago reveals his plan to the reader in his third soliloquy when he states: His soul is so unfettered to her love, That she may make, unmake, do what she list, even as her appetite shall play the god With his weak function... And she for him pleads strongingly to the Moore, I'll pour this pestilence into his ear: That she repels him for her body's lust, And by how much she strives to do him good, She shall undo her her credit with the Moor (II.iii.330-350). &n... ...xpress their love and passion for each other: Othello: O my fair warrior! Desdemona: My dear Othello! Othello: It gives me wonder great as my content To see you here before me. O, my soul's joy (II.i.175-180)! Perpetual love and affection and contrasted with lusting animal attraction. What does Iago feel when he sees Othello and Desdemona together? How his mind must associate the same atmosphere with Othello having had an affair with his wife, enticing the "green-eyed monsters" within him. The feelings Iago feels is common jealousy. But to have it without surety, and to take it to such a great extent as to only describe it as being "mad." In an attempt at revenge, he does more than Othello supposedly did to him. By putting Othello through the same feelings he himself had gone through, he does not rid or relieve his feelings, but merely gains sadistic pleasure from brutal revenge That is not to say Othello is not a compelling and flawless character. Generally, it can be said that is more the function of our imagination and understanding of our own nature through which we determine Iago as who he is.

The Rage of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay example -- essays res

In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark†, though the protagonist Hamlet pretends to be mad as he seeks revenge for the murder of his father, he is suffering from depression and a barely contained rage towards the people closest to him as revealed in his treatment of Gertrude and Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and Polonius and Claudius. The barely concealed rage he feels towards his mother, lover, friends and uncle leads to their death and his own. This bitterness towards everyone makes his conversations with other characters seem to be very cold, especially towards his mother, Gertrude, and Ophelia. Hamlet’s behavior towards Ophelia and Gertrude shows his contempt and distrust of women. Though Hamlet loves his mother, â€Å"O heart, lose not thy nature† (1363), he is wounded and flabbergasted by her hasty marriage. He says, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman†, meaning that he views women as morally weak creatures (1316). His inference of innate womanly weakness is exemplified in Ophelia. When she follows her father’s instructions to not â€Å"give words...

Reflective Statement The Great Gatsby Essay

The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It is said to be one of the greatest American novels of the last century, not only for it’s tale of hope and disillusion, but also for the way it portrayed the spirit of the 1920s. The information from the presentations made me realize that the characters in the story weren’t just any upperclass; they were the social and cultural upperclass of the world. The presentations also made me develop my understanding of the background of their arrogant and lavish behavior. They were born into the old elite and were stupendously rich in the wealthiest country in the world. They lived extravagant lives in a careless post-war time with mass media covering their lives in the tabloids. Another factor that contributed to this feeling of being superior must have been the lack of authorities and strong politicians. As the economy ran itself and the politicians were incompetent, the cultural elite were literally on top of the world. They distanced themselves from institutions and history and lived their lives in a social bubble, respecting only those who were a part of their class. The dream of being famous and glamourous bloomed in the 1920s and was distributed to the public through the mass media. The dream was available for everyone, and people strived to become a part of the cultural elite. The main characters in The Great Gatsby were already there, as a natural part of the scene. They lived luxurious and careless lives, following the latest trends, listening to the new music and attending extravagant parties. From the presentations I also learned about modernist literature. A significant trait of this genre is the break with traditions and the search for an absolute truth and a meaning of life elsewhere. The upperclass seemed to have lost their meaning in life in their extravagant lifestyle. Previously I had not given the social context too much thought, and without the information from the presentations, I may would just have seen the tragic love story of the book, and not how the book is a picture of and a comment to the 1920s life.

Richard Miller

Brittany Scott February 22, 2013 Prof. Brittany Scott February 22, 2013 Prof. â€Å"The Stereotypes of Freire, Miller, Rodriguez, and Bordo† Having to read four stories from four well educated authors can leave you puzzled, but it can also open your mind to other forms of learning. The stories â€Å"The ‘Banking’ Concept of Education by Paulo Freire, â€Å"The Dark Knight of the Soul† by Richard Miller, â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† by Richard Rodriguez, and â€Å"Beauty (Re)Discovers the Males Body† by Susan Bordo all take on different aspects of learning. But while analyzing my readings I noticed that each author made a stereotype for their view of learning.Paulo Freire’s, said to be one of the most influential radical educators of our world viewings of literature were based on students and teachers. Freire created a system for teachers and students to have an equal power, but while doing his research him began to compare student teacher learning relations. Freire stereotyped students as takers (depositories) and teacher’s givers (depositors), but he also made it known that at times a student can be the giver. By students getting their education from a higher power, Freire feels as if it is depriving students of their creativity.In a passage from Freire states â€Å"Oppression – overwhelming control – is necrophilic; it is nourished by love of death, not life. The banking concept of education, which serves the interest of oppression, is also necrophilic. Based on a mechanistic, static, naturalistic, spatialized, view of consciousness, it transforms students into receiving objects. It attempts to control thinking and action, leads women and men to adjust to the world, and inhibits their creative powers. † I believe that Freire use his concepts as examples. From the quote from the book, he made it known that we as students are oppressed by the higher authority, the teacher.Through h is explanations he made it known that we receive and the more that we just receive, we are only going to regurgitate. Which leave you to having no creativity. In Richard E. Miller†s â€Å"The Dark Knight of the Soul† he compared literature to massacres. In Millers first story He used the events that happened at Columbine High School. Stating that the two young fellas Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were all these things such as middle class, follower and leader, smart kid and a loser, and the even had alcohol fueled dreams but yet Miller felt as if more education and religion would have kept the two in line.The young ma Harris was said to have applied to numerous of colleges but was rejected and he was also rejected from the Marine Corps from having some drug in his system, all of this being weeks before the big massacre. They were bright students and brilliant when it came to computers and math but only one of them had something going for themself and that was Klebold. K lebold was well known in school, had a date for prom and even visited a college wee we was going to be attending in the upcoming semester, but soon both boys worlds would meet and collide.Miller basically said that if we read, write, and talk more that we are less likely to commit to deviance acts of violence. Richard Rodriguez used himself as a personal image but used his family as reflective image for the upcoming success he was striving for in â€Å"The Achievement of Desire. † Although Rodriguez is Latino and his family is considered to be middle class, as he got older and his knowledge began to expand he began to look down on of those little or less knowledge of what he knew.He was very distant from his family because of the love he ad from his books and the little interaction he would give them because he felt different; he felt like he could/should be better than them. As he got older his family laughed at him and called him names because he somewhat considered himself better than them. As he got older he began to critique himself for the distance, looking down on his family, and wanting to be so much of a scholar that he finally realized he was basically by himself.Being in a school in another country, watching others and how they socialize made realize that he was by himself and that instead of investing so much time into books, trying to be like that teacher he should have invested his time into a family ad even having friends. In Susan Bordo’s â€Å"Beauty (Re) discovers the Male Body† she takes the pressure off of us woman and finally puts it on the man by comparing the judgment of the males’ picture and the females’ picture.Bordo took the fire off of us females and finally put it of the male by comparing the likelihood of a female dressed a certain way in a photo on a billboard or in a magazine somewhere to a male dressed with more or less clothing. I can recall Bordo saying â€Å"Woman may dread being surveyed harshly†¦ men are not supposed to enjoy being surveyed period. † She feels that men are getting more comfortable wearing little to no clothing, being looked at as meat, or maybe even a sex symbol. In a commercial advertisement that Bordo seen read â€Å"men act and woman appear. A man can sit around and do work but not pay attention to any attention that is coming his way while a woman will show off her legs and her cleavage just to get that attention she is looking for. As time changes men are becoming more self-conscious of their appearance and what others may think of them. They are more willing to pose naked and take on certain roles in movies that they would not have in once upon a time. Whether it is their size, their looks, their shape, or even their masculinity both mean and woman are creatures of appearances and actions.Each author has their own perception of imaging. Whether it is visual, hands on, or something that they actually may have been a part of. During their phases of teaching they all began to hypothesize or stereotype a human been in some shape or form of an object. They still stick to their idea and they go on to describe how and why they feel that we as people are what they are characterizing. Freire, Miller, Rodrigues, and Bordo were all well educated in their area of works. They also made it easy for me as a student to understand learning through their eyes.

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES AND ISSUES

‘Operations Management as the procedure whereby resources, fluxing within a defined system, are combined and transformed by a controlled mode to add value in conformity with policies communicated by direction – Joseph G.MonksWhat is Operations Management?Operations direction is the concern map that is responsible for pull offing and organizing the resources needed to bring forth a company ‘s merchandises and services. All types of organisation must transport out operations direction because all organisations produce some mixture of merchandises and services. Operations direction is an of import factor in any organisation. The determinations that the administration makes will hold a major impact on the cost of the merchandises and/or services, and its bringing which consequences in the gross coming into the organisation, whether it is fabricating, retail or services sectors such as IT, finance logistics, transit, wellness attention or public public-service corporati on or educational, the service bringing grapevines must be carefully designed, resourced and managed efficaciously and expeditiously. The effectivity of the system is determined by the success with which assorted subsystems and constituents interact with each other and with the environment in which the organisation operates. The nucleus aim of a successful direction is the ability to pull upon the resources of many subjects and integrate relevant rules and background information in order to specify and analyse a job. Once defined, the director must place alternate possible solutions, measure these in footings of the broader ends and values of the organisation, implement the seemingly dominant solution, and eventually, assess the existent effects of the solution for the effectivity in the organisation. Operations direction focal points on pull offing the procedures that produce / distribute merchandises and services. Operations direction relates to all relevant operations within the organisation. Related activities includes the followers: Pull offing purchases Inventory control Quality control Manufacturing Logisticss and Evaluations Customer Servicess By analysing the above mentioned activities, we can state that Operations direction involves the systematic way and control of the procedures that transform resources ( inputs ) into finished goods or services for clients or clients ( end products ) .History of Operations ManagementThe beginnings of operations direction can be traced back through cultural alterations of the 18th, 19th and twentieth centuries. By the terminal of eighteenth century, agribusiness was the active and cardinal component in every state. The innovation of the steam engine and Eli Whitney ‘s construct of standardised parts paved the manner for the Industrial Revolution with its big fabrication installations powered by steam or H2O. As a consequence figure of states evolved from an agricultural economic system to an industrial economic system. But for a clip, fabrication was more of an art than a scientific discipline. The Industrial Revolution advanced further with the development of the gasolene engine and electricity in the 1800s.Other industries emerged and along with them new mills came into being.. The debut of Taylor ‘s method of scientific direction and Henry Ford ‘s traveling assembly line brought the universe into an age where direction was preponderantly centered on the production of goods. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the one component that was losing was a direction – the ability to develop and utilize the bing installations to bring forth on a big graduated table to run into monolithic markets of today.Duties of an Operations ManagerOperations Manager ‘s programs, form, take and command the production and bringing of merchandises and services every bit needed to maintain external paying clients satisfied. The duties of operations directors can be classified into the followers: Direct Responsibilities – the activities which are straight related to bring forthing and presenting merchandises and services like pull offing the operations procedure, encompassing design, planning, control, public presentation betterment, and operations scheme Indirect Responsibilities – the activities involved in interfacing with other parts of the organisation such as interacting with those directors in other functional countries within the organisation whose functions have an impact on operations. Indirect responsibilities besides include other maps like selling, finance, accounting, forces and technology. Broad Responsibilities – a wider set of undertakings that involve scanning the concern, societal and political environment in which the organisation exits in order to understand its context. Decision devising is a cardinal function of all operations directors. Decisions need to be made in: planing the operations system pull offing the operations system Bettering the operations system. The five chief sorts of determination in each of these relate to: the procedures by which goods and services are produced the quality of goods or services the measure of goods or services ( the capacity of operations ) the stock of stuffs ( stock list ) needed to bring forth goods or services The direction of human resources.Operations Management Issue – Hewlett-PackardHP is a engineering company that operates in more than 170 states worldwide. HP explores how engineering and services can assist people and companies address their jobs and challenges, with the realisation of the possibilities that HP can supply, which will successfully recognize their aspirations and demands. HP applies new believing and new thoughts to make simpler, valuable and trusted experiences with engineering, continuously bettering the manner our clients live and work. The Hewlett-Packard Company ( HP ) was founded in 1939 by William Hewlett and David Packard. Today, the company ‘s mission is to make information merchandises that accelerate the promotion of cognition and basically better effectivity of people and organisation. The company ‘s first merchandise, built in a Palo Alto garage, was an audio oscillator -an electronic trial instrument used by sound applied scientists. One of HP ‘s first clients for this was Walt Disney Studios, who purchased eight oscillators to develop and prove an advanced sound system for the film Fantasia. HP becomes a major participant in the computing machine industry in the eightiess with a full scope of computing machines, from desktop machines to portables to powerful minicomputers. HP besides made its entry into the pressman market with the launch of inkjet pressmans and optical maser pressmans that connect to personal computing machines. The quality and dependability of HP ‘s pressmans ma ke HP a extremely recognizable trade name by both consumers and concerns.Operational Issue of HP – Toner Cartridge ProblemHewlett-Packard is proud of its repute for high-quality merchandises and services. In the 1990 ‘s, the Hewlett Packard toner and ink cartridges division was sing a job with the figure of defective faulty toner cartridges being returned by clients. About 2000 of these were being returned every month. The operations squad decided to look into the issue and handed over the instance to the UK Hewlett Packard quality section. The squad suspected that non all the returns were really the consequence of a defective merchandise, which is why the squad decided to look into the job. The Hewlett Packard squad decided to utilize cause-effect diagrams to seek and place the beginning of the job. Three major operational jobs were identified. First, some users were non every bit familiar as they should hold been with the right method of lading the cartridge into the pressman, or in being able to work out their ain minor printing jobs. Second, some of the HP Business Resellers were besides incognizant of how to screen out minor jobs as they were missing in proficient expertness and preparation. As a consequence, they were unable to offer the client the degree of support needed to decide any minor jobs. Third, there was clearly some maltreatment of Hewlett-Packard ‘s ‘no-questions-asked ‘ returns policy. Empty toner cartridges were being sent to unauthorised replenishment companies who would sell the refilled cartridges at decreased monetary values. Some cartridges were being refilled up to five times and were intelligibly have oning out. Furthermore, the toner in the refilled cartridges was non up to Hewlett-Packard ‘s high quality criterions.Theoretical Approach of Analyzing HP Toner Cartridge Problem:Fishbone TheoryFishbone theory ( cause consequence diagram ) is a entire quality direction tool, widely used to analyse and work out an operation direction job or consequence in an organisation. Fishbone is considered as one of the seven basic tools of entire quality direction tool. It is a ocular presentational tool which resembles the skeleton of a fish which shows all the causes and its bomber causes taking to a peculiar job. Using fishbone theory, job and its causes can be diagrammatically represented, which will assist to place and analyse the of import causes and its consequence can be solvedModel of a Fishbone DiagramHistory of Fishbone TheoryKaoru Ishikawa, a Nipponese University Professor and a good known quality direction pioneer, invented the cause and consequence diagram in 1943, the theory became celebrated tool and was foremost used in 1960s and Nipponese companies like Mazda, Kawazaki used to analyse and better their auto fabrication proceduresADVANTAGES OF USING CAUSE EFFECT DIAGRAMAn operational direction job and its causes can be visually presented so that each and every causes can be considered which helps to find the root cause of the job in a structured attack. In other words, it helps to set up the job ( Effect ) Fishbone can be used by persons, squads and most efficaciously by groups which could guarantee engagement of all in a group and helps to use all possible and executable thought of the procedure and its grounds Different procedure of an operating system can be identified even if it is outside the range of procedure. All executable informations can be collected for farther analysis and its causes and sub causes can be evaluated. From the above HP Toner Cause Effect Diagram, we can sort that the Cartridge Returns is the Effect of the diagram and the causes can be sub divided into the followers:Man PowerCustomers and Traders: – The HP Investigation squad discovered that some clients were holding troubles in the right interpolation of the cartridge into the pressman organic structure. It is universally considered that non all clients are technically sound and as a consequence of this, merchandise malfunction could ensue while seeking to infix the toners/cartridges. Customers who purchased the cartridges from traders instead than straight from HP were non technically qualified to decide minor issues which would hold prevented the stock from being returned to HP for replacing. Owner ‘s Manual was non easy to read and had no bit-by-bit instructions. About 90-95 % of toner consumers, do non read the proprietor ‘s manual. Traders were non able to supply the clients with the professional degree of support needed and frequently blamed the merchandise as faulty. This was due to the fact that HP did non supply sufficient merchandise preparation and support to its concern resellers Training: – Horsepower should hold provided the traders with adequate merchandise support and preparation so that minor issues can be eradicated at the start. Failure in supplying the traders with merchandise preparation could adversely impact the good will of HP. A merchandise can be solved successfully merely if the gross revenues and after gross revenues support is maintained in a professional mode. Interior designers: – Merchandise interior decorators should take into consideration the clients and traders excessively as planing a complicated merchandise ( cartridge/toner ) will do merchandise installing complicated and if the company lacks resources for supplying merchandise preparation, it will do merchandise gross revenues to drop. The design of the toner cartridges was ne'er thought from an end-user position. The toner cartridges was ne'er tested with existent people before the launch. The deficiency of proper planing the merchandise flow rhythm has caused 1000s of lbs for HP. Another large company with such immense defects is Microsoft. Microsoft comes up with regular security spots from clip to clip to repair bugs that existed in their Operating System. Customers ever want things to be easy and less complicated. .MaterialNon echt HP compatible cartridges that are made by unauthorised companies are being bought by clients for a cheaper monetary value and used on echt HP pressmans. As a consequence this causes harm to the pressman caput in the long tally. Use of non echt toners, should revoke guarantee. HP failed to add a disclaimer saying that guarantee can be revoked for utilizing non-genuine HP toners Empty HP cartridges are sent to unauthorised replenishment centres by the clients and these cartridges are being refilled more than five times with low quality ink, toner and other parts.MachineryUsing Non HP Printer accoutrements such as print cartridges or toners may do impairment in print end product quality. The use of pressmans without proper care causes faint print and blotchy. This will make uncertainties in clients that there are issues with the existent HP hardware and frequently the merchandise is returned to HP.MethodsPolicy – HP ‘s ‘no-questions-asked ‘ returns policy is promoting the clients to return their cartridges even though the harm was caused by the client or the trader. No proper internal controls were at that place for HP. It was discovered that Empty toner cartridges were being send to unauthorised replenishment companies which used inexpensive quality replenishing ink and techniques which in bend damaged the merchandise. HP ‘s â €˜no-questions-asked ‘ should be updated to advert that one time the toner cartridge has been modified or re-filled by outside unauthorised traders, no replacing would be provided.Solutions to the job – Prioritization MatrixA prioritization matrix is a technique used to acquire an sentiment about a job.This matrix helps to precedences or rank the issues of the job harmonizing to its importance. Prioritization matrix gives more clearly which issues are most of import to screen it out In a prioritization matrix the issues or job can be written in the first column and its frequence, importance and the feasibleness of the issues can be mentioned in the following back-to-back columns.the last column should be used to cipher all the points Frequency: it measures how often the job occurs Importance: it measures the importance of the issue Feasibility: it measures the feasibleness of the issue whether the mentioned issue / job is easy to work out or nonMatrix description, Solutions and Recommendations:By utilizing this method, we can look at the information in the matrix and determine which issues are more of import harmonizing to the matrix. From the above mentioned HP Prioritization matrix it is really clear that in the first two issues, clients are incognizant about the proper usage of HP toner cartridges and deficiency of merchandise and support preparation to the concern resellers has got highest precedence in points. Hence these two issues should be considered with more attending. The following of import issues are in HP ‘s client Services, fabricating defects and their guarantee policies. Design defect, replenishing echt HP cartridges from unauthorised replenishment centres and use of non HP cartridges in HP pressmans should besides be considered and should be sorted out. 1 ) Customer Unawareness: Horsepower should take into consideration that their Owner ‘s Manual was non easy to read and had no bit-by-bit instructions. About 90-95 % of toner consumers, do non read the proprietor ‘s manual. New methods like adding bit-by-bit picture instructions in a Cadmium should be supplied along with the print toner cartridge. Clear and proper ocular instructions provided in the users manual, intelligent package constitutional inside the pressman should be able to place whether the job is with pressman or cartridge ) . Simple self care tools should be supplied along with the toner / cartridge so that client themselves can screen out minor jobs 2 ) Training for Business Resellers: HP should carry on merchandise preparation and support for its concern resellers after the merchandise has been launched. Not all concern resellers would be able to go to the preparation due to the nature of their concern but an unfastened courtesy invitation direct to all concern resellers and their proficient staff would assist to better client ailments and merchandise callbacks. Surveies by Dell hold proven that this is the most inefficient and high budget manner to cover with the state of affairs. They have found out that engaging local regional trained agents and directing parts to these agents to repair the issues have helped cut down their costs sustainably. 3 ) Customer Services: A good trained call centre or support forces ever helps to increase the good will of any companies. HP should develop their support staff to be to the full cognizant of their merchandises and behavior mock Sessionss to better direct customer-supplier dealingss. Customer service forces should be technically qualified to work out the issues with out inquiring more inquiries to the client. Product study questionnaires, support forces evaluation systems can be emailed to clients and their feedbacks should be carefully analysed by the gross revenues and selling sections. Another manner to pull off client service is to return clients the full sum or replace the product.. 4 ) Warranty / Policy: HP ‘s ‘no-questions-asked ‘ returns policy was promoting the clients to return their cartridges even though the harm was caused by the client or the trader Use of non echt toners, should revoke guarantee. HP forgot to add a disclaimer saying that guarantee can be revoked for utilizing non-genuine HP toners. HP should hold besides considered a sedimentation fee for recycling their toners back to HP and besides do certain a lower cost service for replenishing the toners. 5 ) Toner Cartridge Design: Merchandise interior decorators should take into consideration the clients and traders excessively as planing a complicated merchandise ( cartridge/toner ) will do merchandise installing complicated and if the company lacks resources for supplying merchandise preparation, it will do merchandise gross revenues to drop. Product was ne'er thought from an end-user position. The merchandise was ne'er tested with existent people before the launch. The deficiency of proper planing the merchandise flow rhythm has caused 1000s of dollars for HP. Another large company with such immense defects is Microsoft. Microsoft comes up with regular security spots from clip to clip to repair bugs that existed in their Operating System. 6 ) Unauthorized Refilling / No HP Cartridges: Exploitation non HP pressman accoutrements such as print cartridges or toners may do impairment in print end product quality. Customers prefer traveling to cheap unauthorised resellers to replenish echt HP cartridges as they are cheaper than traveling to an HP authorized reseller or back to HP base. Once the pressman toner cartridges gives out issues and print quality reduces, clients return the toner cartridges back to HP for replacing. HP should do their toners Tamper cogent evidence and besides add some kind of ID proofing to maintain path of non-genuine use of HP toners. Clear elaborate description about HP merchandise consciousness supplied along with the merchandise would educate the client about the quality, advantages, benefits of an HP and non HP toner cartridge.