The movie “Jose Rizal” Essay Example for Free

The movie Jose Rizal EssayThe movie Jose Rizal is all about our National superstar Dr. Jose Rizal Hislife and works, his struggles in order to free his countrymen from abuse, until his death under the hands of the Spaniards who occupied our country for a very longtime. Most of the scenes of the film took place during Rizals manacles at Dapitan wherein he meets Taviel, a Spanish officer, who will eventually defend him on his trial in court. During their meeting, Taviel asks Rizal everything about him and his works through various questions. each answer that Rizal brought out from his mouth made Taviel realize that Rizal was indeed an innocent man.On the course of their conversation, Rizal duologue about the making of his Two Novels Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo which are both anti-Spanish Novels that depicts how the Spaniards rule the Philippines and how the rights of the Filipinos were abolished. Rizal portrayed himself on the said Novels as Crisostomo I barra on Noli Me Tangere and as Simeon on El Filibusterismo.Going through with the movie, while Rizal is relation his story to Taviel, the scene on the movie switches from his life story then to his portrayal on his Novels. Sometimes the scene gets very difficult to follow because of the sharp switches during the scenes on the movie most especially during the time that his first novel was on the process of writing.Rizal, a brave and a man of his word, was never appalled whatever theconsequences he may suffer because of his writings that are against the friars and also to Spaniards. His goal was to free the Philippines from the unjust government of Spanish colony. In summary, the movie talks mostly of Rizals life until his death and the creation of his great novels. The actors and actresses who acted on the movie did a great job presenting how it was during Rizals time even though the said events in Rizals life were just written in books.

Newspaper Columnist Essay Example for Free

Newspaper Columnist EssayI am quite interested in becoming a Newspaper Columnist because they atomic number 18 allowed to cope their opinion on a specific topic or a general idea. They work the liberty to say what is on their mind and they are allowed to bear their thoughts on relevant matters. Writing is my passion and it seems like the perfect affair for me to become a Newspaper Columnist. Also, they produce a lot of time on their hands, and unlike other Journalists, Newspaper Columnists usually do not feel to go on the field. They also have a huge following, especially when they are experts on certain topics, because they get their articles published weekly, if not daily.I stumbled upon a blog of a Newspaper Columnist from the Philippines. His name is Zhaun Ortega, a graduate from some other private Jesuit, Roman Catholic School and he writes for Edge Davao Business Weekly. It is a Business-themed paper, but he writes a column most the local party scene and differen t youth trends.Interviewee Zhaun Claude R. Ortega, Newspaper Columnist, Edge Davao Business Paper1. What are the qualifications for your position (education / previous experience)?To become a Newspaper Columnist, you must have to be an expert on something. I write about the local party scene and result tips on how to throw a party. I have been partying since my High School days (because that is legal in the Philippines), so even if I am still 22, people consider me an expert on the topic. However, just about papers would require you to have a College Degree, or to be in College, depending on what type of column you are writing.2. What do you enjoy most about your job?I enjoy all the perks that come with it. I can party for free, I have free dinners, and I get to know a lot of important people during events. And because I get to know a lot of people, I get to a greater extent job opportunities, like hosting gigs. Recently a radio station approached me to become a host for an on-air show which revolved around partying my show has been on for over a month and it has increased my look on as a writer and as part of the Communications industry. More importantly, I get to share my ideas to the whole community.3. What is the greatest challenge related to your job?It is quite challenging to have to write about the same topic every week of your life. Sometimes, you run out of ideas. And the only way for you to gather more ideas is to go to where the action is at. So if you are a fashion columnist, go to fashion shows. If you are a music columnist, go to concerts and launch parties.4. What advice do you give to person interested in becoming a Newspaper Columnist?I always say write about what you know. Do not micturate to know about something. Your greatest resource is your mind. Do not try to write something that will require you to start from scratch.5. What is the one thing you wish someone would have told you BEFORE you pursued and accepted your current position? I wish someone had told me that being a Newspaper Columnist would mean losingyour anonymity, and that you have to learn how to deal with that. Also, I wish somebody told me that I have to be careful with what I write, unless I want to ruffle some feathers.

Theories of Belbin

Theories of BelbinTheories of belbinCo-ordinatorThe co-ordinator is a person-oriented turn overer. This person is trusting, accepting, prevalent and is committed to aggroup films and objectives. The co-ordinator is a positive thinker who approves of goal attainment, struggle and effort in others. The co-ordinator is someone tolerant enough al expressive styles to listen to others, but strong enough to reject their advice. The co-ordinator whitethorn non jut disclose out in a team and usually does not have a sharp intellect. shaping machineThe shaper is a task-focused leader who abounds in anxious energy, who has a high motivation to achieve and for whom winning is the name of the game. The shaper is committed to achieving ends and will shape others into achieving the aims of the team. He or she will challenge, argue or disagree and will display aggression in the pursuit of goal achievement. Two or three shapers in a group, according to Belbin, discount lead to conflict, aggravation and in-fighting.PlantThe plant is a specialist idea describer characterised by high IQ and introversion while also being dominant and sea captain. The plant tends to take radical approaches to team functioning and problems. Plants argon more concerned with major issues than with flesh out. Weaknesses be a tendency to disregard practical details and argumentativeness.Resource InvestigatorThe resource investigator is the executive who is never in his room, and if he is, he is on the telephone. The resource investigator is someone who explores opportunities and develops contacts. Resource investigators are good treaters who probe others for culture and support and pick up others ideas and develop them. They are characterised by sociability and enthusiasm and are good at amour work and exploring resources outside the group. Weaknesses are a tendency to lose interest after initial fascination with an idea, and they are not usually the source of original ideas.Compa ny worker/ implementerImplementers are aware of external obligations and are disciplined, conscientious and have a good self-image. They tend to be tough-minded and practical, trusting and tolerant, respecting established traditions. They are characterised by low anxiety and tend to work for the team in a practical, realistic way. Implementers figure prominently in positions of responsibility in larger organisations. They tend to do the jobs that others do not want to do and do them well for recitation, disciplining employees. Implementers are conservative, inflexible and slow to respond to new possibilities. supervise judgeAccording to the model, this is a judicious, prudent, intelligent person with a low need to achieve. Monitor evaluators contribute particularly at times of crucial ratiocination making because they are capable of evaluating competing proposals. The monitor evaluator is not deflected by emotional arguments, is serious minded, tends to be slow in coming to a determination because of a need to think things over and takes pride in never being wrong. Weaknesses are that they may appear dry and boring or evening over-critical. They are not good at inspiring others. Those in high level appointments are often monitor evaluators. squad workerTeam workers make helpful interventions to avert potential friction and enable difficult characters within the team to use their skills to positive ends. They tend to keep team spirit up and allow other members to contribute effectively. Their diplomatic skills together with their sense of humour are assets to a team. They tend to have skills in listening, coping with awkward community and to be sociable. sensitive and people oriented. They tend to be indecisive in moments of crisis and reluctant to do things that might hurt others.Completer finishersThe completer finisher dots the is and crosses the ts. He or she gives trouble to detail, aims to complete and to do so thoroughly. They make steady effo rt and are consistent in their work. They are not so interested in the becharm of spectacular success. Weaknesses, according to Belbin, are that they tend to be over anxious and have difficulty letting go and delegating work.SpecialistThe specialist provides association and technical skills which are in rare supply within the team. They are often highly introverted and anxious and tend to be self-starting, dedicated and committed. Their weaknesses are single-mindedness and a lack of interest in other peoples subjectsBelbin Team Roles Dr Meredith Belbin, UK academic and consultant developed the Belbin team roles model in the late 1970s. Belbins work at Henley Management College demonstrated that balanced teams comprising people with different capabilities performed better than teams that are little well balanced. Belbins key book Management Teams Why They Succeed or Fail, was first published in 1981. According to Belbin publicity (Belbin founded Belbin Associates, who produce and provide psychometrics (personality and behavioural testing) instruments and other related services based on Belbins theories) the Belbin Team Roles model is used by over 40% of the UKs top 100 companies, and thousands more internationally. N.B. The Belbin Team Role model and definite related teminology is Belbin Associates if in interrogative active usage check with Belbin. The use of Belbin tests and training materials is subject to licence from Belbin. Meredith Belbin initially identified a set of eight roles, which, it is argued, are all defend in a team provide good balance and increase likelihood of success. The eight roles were later increased to nine, with the addition of the Specialist role. Presumably callable to political correctness and changing attitudes in organisations, the name of certain roles have been altered in recent years. Below are the modern role names and brief descriptions, with notes of what they were previously called where appropriate. Ther e are no good or bad roles. People are as they are, and all roles play important part in successful teams.Belbin suggested that certain roles tend to be more extraverted (outgoing, proactive, outward-looking) while other roles tend to be more introverted (inward-looking, reactive). These days less emphasis is placed on whether a role was considered extravert or introvert, but for the record, the roles originally presented as extravert are indicated with an asterisk* within the roles tilt and descriptions below belbin team roles and descriptions It is not easy to correlate precisely the Belbin team roles to specific personality types in other personality models, although there are certain common elements, for example Extraverted and Introverted roles, which are colour coded appropriately below. There are also some useful correlations with the Big Five Factors model. This colour-coding does not form part of the original Belbin theory, it simply aims to assist comparisons with othe r models explained in this section.role namestrengths and stylesCoordinator (CO)*able to get others working to a shared aim confident, mature (originally called Chairman by Belbin)Shaper (SH)*motivated, energetic, achievement- driven, assertive, competitivePlant (PL)*innovative, inventive, creative, original, imaginative, unorthodox, problem-solvingMonitor-Evaluator (ME)serious, prudent, critical thinker, analyticalImplementer (IMP)systematic, common sense, loyal, structured, reliable, dependable, practicable, efficient (originally called Company Workers)Resource Investigator (RI)*quick, good communicator, networker, outgoing, affable, seeks and finds options, negotiatorTeam Worker (TW)supportive, sociable, flexible, adaptable, perceptive, listener, calming influence, mediatorCompleter-Finisher (CF)attention to detail, accurate, high standards, quality orientated, delivers to schedule and specificationSpecialist (SP)technical expert, highly focused capability and knowledge, driven by professional standards and dedication to personal subject areaBelbin suggested these roles are more extravert than introvert. N.B. It does not follow that extraverted roles are always self-motivating. uncomplete does it follow that introverted roles need motivating or instructing. The proactivity, direction, attitude and motivation of any roles, in a Belbin context (as for any other personality indite system), depend on a wide variety of factors, including alignment of organisational and personal aims and values, personal circumstances, emotional maturity, life-stage, leadership influences, reward systems, and more. Greater understanding of these issues can be achieved by considering many different behavioural perspectives, theories and models. The simplest central point relating to motivation is that different people respond to different stimuli. Therefore the more we understand about ourselves and people, then the more we understand about what motivates us. People are more motivated and happy when they are performing and working in a way that is natural to them. Expecting a person with a particular personality type (be it represented by a Belbin team role, a Jung psychological type, a Myers Briggs MBTI, or whatever) to perform well and enthusiastically in a role that is foreign or alien to their natural preferences and strengths is not helpful for anyone. The UK DTI quality management direction notes provides further some useful interpretation of the parts that these roles play in teamsBelbin team roles within teams The Coordinator clarifies group objectives, sets the agenda, establishes priorities, selects problems, sums up and is decisive, but does not dominate discussions. The Shaper gives shape to the team effort, looking for pattern in discussions and practical considerations regarding the feasibility of the project. Can steamroller the team, but gets results.The Plant is the source of original ideas, suggestions and proposals that are usuall y original and radical.The Monitor-Evaluator contributes a measured and dispassionate analysis and, through objectivity, stops the team committing itself to a misguided task.The Implementer turns decisions and strategies into defined and manageable tasks, sorting out objectives and move them logically.The Resource Investigator goes outside the team to bring in ideas, information and developments to it.They are the teams sales-person, diplomat, liaison officer and explorer.The Team Worker operates against division and disruption in the team, like cement, particularly in times of stress and pressure.The Finisher maintains a permanent sense of urgency with relentless follow-through.All of these roles have value and are missed when not in a team there are no stars or extras. An individuals team role can be determined by the completion of a Belbin questionnaire. It is not essential that teams comprise eight people each fulfilling one of the roles above, but that people who are aware an d capable of carrying out these roles should be present. In small teams, people can, and do, assume more than one role. In addition, analysing existing teams and their performance or behaviour, using these team role concepts, can lead to melioratements, for exampleUnder-achievement demands a good coordinator or finisherConflict requires a team worker or strong coordinatoMediocre performance take a resource investigator, innovator or shaperError prone teams need an evaluatorDifferent roles are important in different circumstances, for exampleNew teams need a strong shaper to get started.Competitive situations demand an innovator with good ideas.In areas of high risk, a good evaluator may be needed.Teams should, therefore, be analysed both in terms of what team roles members can play, and also in relation to what team skills are most needed. disrespect having well defined roles within a team, the interaction between the different personalities of individuals can be a frequent sour ce of friction. However, this can largely be avoided by understanding and valuing peoples differences. (The above notes about Belbin team roles within teams are UK DTI quality management guidance notes and are Crown Copyright.) Source http//www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htmbelbin%20team%20roles%20descriptions http//www.teambuilding.co.uk/belbin-team-role.html isko check ker lio ek baar Belbin profiles, team games and exercises are frequently used for recruitment purposes, whether to assess candidates from outside the organisation, compare candidates for promotion or to scrutinise a shortlist for a graduate scheme. If you are looking to use Belbin in recruitment, there are many options available to you. Further ismein hai http//www.belbin.com/rte.asp?id=50Q Can you please explain the advantages and disadvantages of Belbin profiling?A I think the main advantage is in how it provides a non-confrontational and non-hierarchical language to describe a persons natura l behavioural tendencies. The fact that it is behavioural based (rather than a psychometric assessment) and easily understood and used by people at all levels in an organisation is of course a big advantage, plus of course the adroitness for observer feedback.The main disadvantage is that as behaviour is more open to change the assessments need to be done a reasonably regular intervals. This may however be regarded as an advantage and something that should be boost.Q Can you please tell me how the Belbin Team Role inventory can be used to improve team performance?A TheBelbinTeam Role model can be used to improve team performance in a number of ways. present are four of themIt helps each person to be clear about their natural contribution when working in a team.By sharing this information between team members each person is aware of the role of other team members and can use this information to improve synergy.By analysing the Team Roles of the satisfying team the team balance ca n be checked and steps taken to remedy any imbalance.Hierarchy within teams is de-emphasised and individual contributions are encouraged on merit as teams apply the Team Role model.

The effects of inequality on young people

The entraps of divergence on new-fashioned slewIn what ways is inequality detrimental to the deportment chances of children and materialisation people? How stool practitioners address inequalities in their draw with children and young people?Being discriminated against and suffering inequality (lack of equal treatment) piece of tail be detrimental to children and young peoples life chances, much(prenominal) as their education, qualification attainment and future employment. People can be discriminated against because of their age, religion, ethnicity, background, lifestyle and sexuality which can have a huge impact on their life depending on how these issues be addressed and how they are support by their family, friends and practitioners. In this essay I am going to discuss how inequality can be detrimental to the life chances of children and young people, and how practitioners can uphold address these inequalities in their work. I will explore diversity, distinction an d the barriers which stop confederation organism more inclusive. I will also explore the great role of practitioners and the support they are able to offer to those subject to discrimination. As a practitioner working in Scotland you must abide by the Scottish Social Services Councils (SSSCs) Codes of Practice. TheCodes of Practice for Social Service Workers describe the standards of professional conduct and practice required of kind service workers as they go about their daily work. (The overt University, 2013a). There are also four key capabilities in child care and protection that practitioners must follow value and ethical practice, knowledge and understanding, effective communication and professional competence and confidence. By following these four key capabilities and abiding to the SSSCs Codes of Practice, this allows practitioners to make the right decisions and work and communicate appropriately with children and young people. By doing this they are addressing ineq ualities by using their professional values, and non allowing their personal views and beliefs to overshadow what is right.Diversity is a distinctive have got of contemporary life in Scotland. The term diversity explains the ways in which people as individuals and as members of groups differ from each other and that there is a variety of differences. It is evident that today a range of differences exist in the UK (The airfoil University, 2013b). These differences range from peoples social class, family dynamics and values and beliefs. These differences can cause discrimination even so diversity should be celebrated rather than being seen as negative. Children, young people and families whose lives are touch by discrimination and inequality need to be supported. Practitioners must have a social ecological perspective which is a way of working with individual children, young people and families that keeps them at the centre but applies knowledge and understanding of the bigger pi cture when trying to understand their lives. (The Open University, 2013c). Having this perspective helps practitioners address inequalities in their work with children and young people and offer the appropriate supports. There are barriers stopping society from being more inclusive, such as the attitudes of people towards others who are seen as not normal, however Social attitudes and legislation have successfully tackled discrimination and have, arguably, created a more inclusive society in the UK. (The Open University, 2013d). Although there are barriers which stop society being more inclusive it has been argued that over the past 50 years in the UK diversity has developed, alongside increasing liberal ideas about how individuals and families arrange their lives, therefore factors such as age, social class, gender, disability, and religion should not be barriers to peoples life chances. Although diversity has developed it is still bear on peoples lives. As seen on the modernis ticule website (The Open University, 2013e), a young person discusses her own personal experience of suffering racism and how this affected her life, which could possibly be detrimental to her life chances. Although the perpetrator was charged by the Police, the young persons self-esteem has suffered and she is in constant fear of being at risk of harm while out in the community. The young person also speaks about not receiving appropriate support from her family nor a practitioner, however if the young person had received the appropriate supports after the incident this could have had a positive impact on her and helped alleviate the young persons fears. This highlights how important the role of a practitioner is in order to address inequalities in their work with children and young people. Sociological theories suggest that socialisation is the process by which we learn from the society into which we are born (The Open University, 2013f). Initially for most people socialisation ta kes place within the family as children and young people will adopt the views and beliefs of their parents. There are other social structures which provide socialisation and whitethorn interfere or change a persons opinions such as school, the media and peer groups. Thomsons PCS Model analyses socialisation and the inequalities that are raised within it. Thomsons model suggests that people have their own Personal views or beliefs which are interlinked with theCulturalvalues that exist in a persons community or belief system. This is also interlinked on a Structural level which includes society as a whole such as tabloids, institutions and governments.Children and young people who are looked after and accommodated can suffer inequality as their education whitethorn be influenced by their socio-economic background. Although the Guidance to the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 states that Children who are looked after should have the same educational opportunities as all other children for education, including further and higher education, and approach shot to other opportunities for development. (The Open University, 2013g), this is not the reality of it. Children and young people who are accommodated tend to be under a great deal of stress cod to their circumstances. They might be missing their family, they may have to move school, they may not live as close to their friends and they may have uncertainties about their future. utilise Thomsons PCS model, society has their own personal views and cultural values of children and young people who are in care such as assuming they are badly behaved or that they deserve to be in care. As well as the children/young people trying to deal with the views/beliefs of these people and the community as a whole, they can also be judged on a structural level and are trying to cope with how the media view them. This negative perception of children and young people in care is a form of discrimination and could be detrimental to th eir life chances due to the effect it can have on their mood, social life and learning ability. Biological citizenship refers to the attempts by parents of children with disabilities to engage in activism and community participation to increase the citizenship rights of their children through links with groups such as Scope, Mencap and ENABLE Scotland. (The Open University, 2013h). As discussed in Goodley and Runswick-Cole, 2010, p. 73-75, Gayle and Shelley are both(prenominal) mothers of children who are affected by a disability and although they have had very different experiences, they both resorted to using groups as a form of support. Gayles son Simon is eleven years old and has been diagnosed with asbergers, and Shelleys daughter Chloe who is sixteen years old has been diagnosed with a rare transmitted syndrome. Gayle found that Simons label allowed her to access support whereas Shelley found Chloes label as useless because there were no supports that could be offered to her . Eventually both parents turned to real parent support groups where biological citizenship is acted out. They found these groups positive overall and were able to relate to other parents who had similar experiences, however Shelley felt that tensions could revoke within the parents group, particularly when it came to making choices about mainstream or special provision (Goodley and Runswick-Cole, 2010, p. 78). When discrimination affects a child or young persons life chances it ultimately affects their parents/family, as it did Gayle and Shelley who felt the need to join a group to gain support and understanding. If Gayle and Shelley had received the appropriate support from a practitioner they may have felt that a group was unnecessary. In conclusion, inequality can be detrimental to the life chances of children and young people, affecting their social lives and their education. They could be discriminated against because of their age, religion, sexuality, gender or background an d this could have an impact on their life as a whole. When children and young people are discriminated against this can also have an effect on their families, for example Gayle and Shelley who required the support of parent support groups. Practitioners can help address these inequalities through their work by abiding by the SSSCs Codes of Practice and following the four key capabilities. By doing this it helps them to make the right decisions and work and communicate appropriately with children and young people to support them through discrimination. ReferencesThe Open University (2013a) Section 1.4 The module areas of study K229 Learning Guide 1 Online. Available at www.learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350865section=5 (Accessed 12 November 2013).The Open University (2013b) Section 2.1 Families, diversity and social change K229 Learning Guide 2 Online. Available at https//learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=2 (Accessed 12 November 2013).The Open Uni versity (2013c) Glossary K229 Resources and Forums Online. Available at https//learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/ semblance/showentry.php?concept=courseid=202246eid=116725displayformat=dictionary (Accessed 12 November 2013).The Open University (2013d) Section 2.2 Barriers to a more inclusive society K229 Learning Guide 2 Online. Available at https//learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=3 (Accessed 12 November 2013).The Open University (2013e) Section 2.3 The impact of discrimination and inequality K229 Learning Guide 2 Online. Available at https//learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=4 (Accessed 12 November 2013).The Open University (2013f) Glossary K229 Resources and Forums Online. Available at https//learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/glossary/showentry.php?courseid=202246eid=116715displayformat=dictionary (Accessed 12 November 2013).The Open University (2013g) Section 2.5 Addressing discrimination and inequality K229 Learning Guide 2 Online. Available at https//lea rn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=6 (Accessed 12 November 2013).The Open University (2013h) Section 2.5 Addressing discrimination and inequality K229 Learning Guide 2 Online. Available at https//learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=6 (Accessed 12 November 2013).Goodley, D. and Runswick-Cole, K., (2010) Working with Children and Young People Co-constructing Practice, Disabled children, their parents and their experiences with practitioners.Page 1 of 4

Understanding The Road To A Liberal Democracy Politics Essay

Understanding The Road To A Liberal Democracy Politics Essay on that point were fundamental swaps in the world of politics in 1989 and 1990 with the collapse of evil empires that had prescriptd since the end of the Second World War. The hegemony of the Soviet amalgamation came to an end in Eastern Europe and at the comparable term the apartheid regime of the Afrikaner National Party in southbound Africa began a exploit of democratization. In 1990, Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), was released after cosmos imprisoned for 27 years and confederation Africas first non-racial democratic elections were held four years later. The ANC later went on to gain the votes of the majority that led to the formation of an stave government of national unity under Nelson Mandelas presidency in 1994.It seemed like a miracle but unlike miracles, political processes ar susceptible to analysis. Firstly, this paper aims to tell south-central Africas passage from a racial oligarchy to a multi racial country. This member provides a brief narrative regarding the historical context of African democratization.Secondly, the paper pull up stakes test the various political factors involved in the democratization process and how they fit into the theoretical framework of Huntingtons typology of democratic transition. This section will besides taper on the prevalent conditions within South Africa in order to determine what triggered the transition process. Through this, the paper will seek to answer the question of how and why democracy emerged.Finally, the paper will analyze the integrating process of South Africa by looking at the prevalent relegate of her democracy. In order to accurately ascertain the level of democracy and hence, gauge whether South Africa has undergone a consolidation process, various aspects of the democracy have been described.South Africas Journey to DemocracyThree transitions occurred in South Africa since the mid 19 70s transitions through transformation, after regime breakdown and through replacement respectively.1passing through TransformationHuntington defined transformation as a process wherein the government in the authoritarian regime took the lead in ending that regime and changing it into a democratic system2. half-witted authenticity is defined as attempts of democratizing governments to legitimize a preexisting authoritarian order by insisting that the latter give birth to a novel order.3In South Africa, the existing government insisted in procedural continuity and at the same time promoted backward legitimacy. Both P.W. Botha and Gorbachev introduced new rules and laws that granted to a greater extent rights and freedom to the B misss. They included legalizing black trade unions, permitting blacks to acquire freehold title, providing for electing Black township councils and creating houses of parliament for the colored and Asians but not for the Blacks4. However, these new rules an d laws were not meant to fundamentally change the political system in the uncouth but mainly to bolster the existing political system so as to sack it more refreshing to all societies. Bothas reformed government attempted to neutralize standpatter opposition by weakening and reassuring them.5 change after Regime BreakdownThe ANC in shipping held the assumption that the breakdown of the apartheid regime would eventually lead to the black rule. They were wrong. According to the ideology that the ANC held, South Africa was representing colonialism of a special type. in that locationfore, they felt that the ending of oppression would settle in the form of decolonization. Despite a series of talks between the De Klerk government and the ANC, the latter continued to contend that negotiations and revolutionary transformations were not incompatible.There was a comprehensive breakdown of the authoritarian regime in the transitions of Greece, Romania and Argentina due to the disaffectio n of a part of the military. The military junta did not hold a major social base in the federation. The situation in South Africa was different because the military remained loyal to the government there were no defections to the ANC and the government rest on the social base of the white community. The white did not support the ANC. As of 1993, white support comfort remained below 5 percent6.Transition as TransplacementHuntington defines the transplacement process as a transition negotiated between the reformers within the government and the moderates of the opposition. In such a process, there is a balance of strength between the opposition and the government. Dominant groups on both sides realize that they are equally incapable of determining the nature of the future political system altogether and hence must co-operate with each other to achieve smooth transfer of power. In the transition process within South Africa, this can be seen in the various negotiations that took pla ce within the government and the ANC between 1980 and 1994.Most of the negotiations in the first 3 years after the legalization of the ANC were focused on the fulfilment of the armed struggle, neutrality of the security forces and breakling of the escalating violence in the townships. For example, in a negotiation between the ANC and the government, it was agreed that white and other minorities had to articulate their determine and interest through an alliance or a party. The ANC and other parties also entered characteral negotiations in 1991 and last-placely immerseed the principle of a government national unity. The ANC accepted constitutional continuity, proportional representation and the idea that a future constituent gather would not have complete freedom to draw up a constitution but rather adhere to broad principles negotiated beforehand.There were 3 stages in the negotiating phase of transition to liberal democracy in South Africa.7In the first stage, both the govern ment and the ANC were forced to the negotiating table by economic and international factors, which will be discussed in-depth later. However, both sides were reluctant to fully accept the need to compromise on the means of negotiation, whether to choose a multi-party conference or constituent assembly, or the model of democracy to be pursued. The NP believed that negotiations could control the pace and limit the scope of democratization because the balance of power was still on its side. The ANC, on the other hand, was keen on ending the white rule by relinquishing the power that the government had without making concessions in return.The state of the economy deteriorated and the level of violence within the untaught escalated, especially among the blacks. The lack of legitimacy of the police force and the easy availability of firearms pull up stakesed in high level of criminal violence within the country. Protagonists on all sides manipulated the force both de jure and illegally so as to impede or influence the outcome of negotiations8. Discussions on the terms for negotiation were broken off because ANC felt that de Klerk had failed to control anti-ANC violence. It was demand to reduce the level of violence in the country for talks to begin again. This was done by including other interest groups, particularly the Inkatha Freedom Party that was answerable for most of the attacks, in the negotiation process.The second stage of negotiations, the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) showed how far South Africa was from the ideal of a transition promise by lites. The ANC withdrew from the negotiations due to the influence of the institutions of apartheid, causing the CODESA to collapse in mid 1992. Both the NP and the Inkatha wanted substantial agreement over a constitution before a constituent assembly was elected and a protracted transition of at least ten years. The ANC, however, wanted a constituent assembly and freedom to write the constit ution. It was fearful of being locked in the interim government for indefinite duration where their decisions to improve the country would be hindered to a large extent.In the final stage of negotiations, the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum appeared to conform more closely to the idea of a pact between the old and the new elites. There was a lack of progress by negotiators and the ANC adopted a policy of rolling sens action, which pushed the leadership into a more military stance. The level of violence in the country escalated and the state of the economy worsened. As a result of the incident, the NPs support among all prospective voters in the republic fell from 25 percent in July 1992 to 14 percent in April 19939.The ANC made gains by forcing the relegation of Inkatha to the position of a minor player. Both the ANC and the NP were convinced that it was necessary to reach a two-sided agreement due to the internal conditions of the country. This agreement could be used as a framewor k to constrain the disruptive potential of the Inkatha Freedom Party.On 5 March 1993, a new Multi-Party Negotiating Forum began its deliberation. There was a power-sharing system in which all parties receiving more than 5 percent of the votes would be given sit down in cabinet in proportion to their strength and there was a substantial devolution of power to the provinces. Also, it was decided that elections would be held for a constituent assembly, which would also serve as an interim government for five years. exclusively parties were to play a role in the drafting of the constitution and the bill of rights that formulated the common constitutional principles. The government was to remain the highest authority between the adoption of the constitution and the holding of elections but they had to consult closely with an all-party authority.10The ANC were willing to promote black promotional material via affirmative action and restitution of losses sustained under the apartheid at the cost of reducing the notion of nationalization.South Africas transition from an authoritarian rule to a liberal democracy was finally consummated in the April 1994 elections. The elections allowed the participation of all South Africans, regardless of background, to participate in the democratic process of choosing their own rulers. There were many challenges that hindered the democratic process in the country- voting had to be extended for several days in order to satisfy voter demand and the dependableness of the election results were highly skeptical. Nevertheless, the independent Electoral Commission declared the contest substantially free and fair and an outcome that all parties came to accept and celebrate.South Africas Transition An AnalysisHaving described the events that led to South Africas transition, it is now important to analyze these events in the context of political science discourse. This segment of the paper now turns to analyze some of the important conditi ons that led to the transition in South Africa at that time.Causes of the South African TransitionInternational InfluencesWithdrawal of Superpower support from the African governmentSouth Africa needed the support of the West but the latter was only prepared to give if internal concession allowed the economy to stabilize. The collapse of Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War re imprintd South Africas bargaining power as a surrogate for the USA in the fight against collectivism in South Africa and the USSR financial support for the supply of arms to the ANC. This led to the NP and the ANC coming to the negotiating table.Introduction of Political Conditions for Western Development Assistance out-of-pocket to the reasons stated above, the economy kept shrinking. Hence, the government was forced to seek political accommodation with the West. By the end of the 1980, the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe deprived the ANC of its main source of political, econ omic and military support11. There was increasing pressure to negotiate the limitations of the strategies of armed struggle and mountain insurrection and the success of town level negotiations within the country itself due to pressure by Soviet Union and neighboring African states.Diffusion of push-down store pro-democracy protestsThe Second World War led to the development of new classes due to changes in the economic structure of the country. There was strong international emphasis on human rights and freedom. The Western governments indicated that political reform was a necessary condition for further assistance rendered to South Africa. Western governments gave due importance to democracies and support countries to move towards greater pluralism, business, respect for human rights and the rule of law12.Economic conditionsPerhaps some of the more important factors leading to democratization emerged as foreign sanctions vie an integral role in influencing the economic pressur es. South Africa was not able to provide a safe environment for local businesses to invest in and for the country to enjoy economic growth patronage having enough investment capital. The gross domestic product (GDP) of South Africa declined from 5.7 percent from 1960 to 1.5 percent in 198013. At the same time, South Africa was experiencing a budget deficit in the balance of payment as the government consumer spending rose sharply from 15 percent to 21 percent in 1991 so as to increase the employment level in the country.Private investment and the employment rate among the Blacks fell. The number of new jobs created change magnitude substantially from 448000 in the 1960s to 28000 in the 1980s14. This resulted in a wave of strikes across the country as existing black unions strengthened and encouraged the formation of others who wanted to end the apartheid in the 1980s.The government had to increasingly borrow money from other countries to cope with the administrative demands of the fast growing Black race and to mollify the white population who worked for the public sector causing the country to experience drastic budget deficits.The disinvestment sanction played a role in ensuring that no apartheid government could roll back sanctions in the industrialized world as state in the U.S. Congress adoption in 1986 of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act. unless countries refused to provide sanctions to South Africa unless she democratized. International pressure was brought on both the NP and the ANC and a UN mission headed by former US Secretary of Stae Cyrus Vance, was dispatched to South Africa to realise it clear that the economic position of the country will not improve unless an agreement has been reached15.Combined, these factors meant that that there were few options for the parties involved other than to engage in the final transplacement that took place.Has democracy in South Africa been consolidated?Democratic consolidation goes beyond the mere surviv al of democratic institutions it requires that participants hold themselves accountable to the rules of democracy, eschewing patronage and corruption16. This segment will now turn to assessing the fictitious character of democracy in South Africa presently by utilizing Diamonds checklist of democratic quality to correctly conclude if democratic consolidation is possible in the future. The higher the quality of democracy, the more stable the democratic institutions and the likelier consolidation will take place17.Quality democracy is defined as one which satisfies citizen expectations regarding governance (quality of results) allows citizens, associations, and communities to enjoy extensive liberty and political equality (quality of content) and provide a context in which the whole citizenry can pronounce the governments performance through mechanisms such as elections, while governmental institutions and officials hold one another legally and constitutionally accountable as well ( procedural quality)18. The state of democracy in South Africa will be assessed based on the following variablesAccountabilityAccountability is defined by the obligations of elected political leaders to answer for their political decisions when asked by votes and constitutional bodies. Horizontal accountability goes between different branches of the government while vertical accountability goes from leaders to citizens. Vertical accountability is the obligation of elected political leaders to answer for their political decisions when asked by voters or constitutional bodies19.In this aspect, South Africa seems to score rather low despite constitutional bodies monitoring each others actions and citizens being able to exercise their rights to remove leaders from powers through elections. South Africa was ranked 55 out of 180 countries surveyed in Transparency Internationals 2009 Corruption Perception Index. For example, 920 government officials were charged with corruption linked with housing fraud in November 2009 by the Human Settlement Department20. There have also been corruption charges against the current president Jacob Zuma.CompetitionIn a democracy, there must be free, regular and fair elections held. An indicator of quality democracy is the additional attribute of competitiveness the ease at which incumbents can be defeated and the equality of different political parties in access to mass media and campaign funding21.Since 1994, there have only been 4 elections held in South Africa. The ruling party, ANC, has dominated electoral politics and has been winning supermajorities in both democratic election. However, parties such as the Congress of People (COPE), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the Democratic Alliance (DA) are increasingly gaining support from traditional voters. The electoral process is generally fair but the state-owned South African Broadcasting Corporation has been accused of being pro-ANC22.EqualityLegal and political equality is es sential in a democracy. Active prohibitions against unfairness must check all efforts to discriminate invidiously on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, political orientation, or other extraneous conditions23.All South Africans enjoy legal equality and political rights under the constitution. However racial imbalance still persists in workplace and majority of the countrys business assets are still white owned.Equal rights for women are guaranteed by the constitution and promoted by the Commission on Gender Equality. Despite a robust legal framework, South Africa still has one of the worlds highest rates on sexual abuse24. Wage discrimination prevails in the workplace and women are not well represented in the top management positions. As of 2010, women hold 45 percent of seats in the National Assembly and lead 5 out of 9 tike governments. Also, the premier of Western Cape Province and the main leader of the DA party is lead by Helen Zille25.FreedomThere are basically 3 types of rights political, civil and social26.In South Africa, in addition to the political rights already mentioned, the constitution caters for the freedom of religion, academic freedom, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, the press, saving and expression. The Freedom House rated South Africa as free with a political right and civil liberties score of 2. However, according to Amnesty International, problems have emerged with allegations of police torment and excessive force during arrest, interrogation and detention27.ParticipationDemocratic Quality is regarded highly when there is extensive participation in voting, political parties, and the civil society and in the discussion and monitoring of public officials and policy.All rights necessary for political participation including those deemed necessary by Dahl have been enshrined in the constitution of South Africa. In terms of the civil society, more than 6000 groups have been formed in South Africa, many of them mos tly non-governmental organizations. Voter participation has increased to 77% in the 2009 elections up from 75% in 2004.Rule of LawEveryone is equal before the law, which is fairly and consistently applied to all by an independent judiciary. The laws need to be clear, known to all, universal, stable and no retroactive. Also, laws are democratic when the legal system defends civil and political rights and procedures as well as reinforces the authority of other agencies of plane accountability that ensure the legality and propriety of official actions28.The system of justice in South Africa generally conforms to all of the above requirements concerning the rule of law. Judicial independency is guaranteed by the constitution and the courts operate with substantial autonomy. In South Africa, there are barriers to the assessment of justice system, poor court management and the lack of efficiency, olibanum affecting the delivery of justice. Also, there is a question of representation of all sectors of the society. Many people feel that the justice system within the country still reflects South African colonial and apartheid legacy. Tension will exist between the judicial and the executive and legislative branches in South Africa, as a result of the problems created by legacies of apartheid.ResponsivenessResponsiveness is partly related to the aspect of accountability. A responsive democratic government is defined as one that has been induced to make and implement policies that the citizens want29.In South Africa, the infancy of democratic institutions seems to have led to the government being less than optimally responsive., The people were especially uncheerful with council performance at integrating citizens into the agenda-setting and decision- making processes of local self-government. Only about one third feels that these leaders get wind regularly to what their constituents have to say. The others either listen occasionally or dont bother at all. However, local councilors are seen as more responsive than leaders elected to national political office30. end pointThere are many areas within the South African government that still lack reform. Further consolidation is required for this new fledgling democracy is necessary. Threats to consolidation and room for improvement of the quality of democracy still remain. Nonetheless, democracy seems to be commonly accepted by the Whites and Blacks in South Africa after democratization indicating perhaps that democratic institutions are here to stay and democratic consolidation is possible in the future years.

Admissions Essay - My Long Route to Medical School -- Medicine College

Admissions Essay - My Long Route to Medical School I have always loved acquirement and had planned a science career from an early age. However, life circumstances required me to follow a longer, less traditional route toward my goal, learning utilizable skills and gaining valuable experience along the way. From the time of my parents divorce, when I was eleven, I have had heavy family responsibilities. Initially, these responsibilities included caring for my three younger brothers and sister, and maintaining our home, while my mother worked. I began to work as soon as I was able, as my income was required to help support my family. I was fortunate to find work in a picture framing shop, where I was allowed the flexibility to schedule my nearly full-time work hours around my classes in high school, and later, in college. In 1977, I entered genus Arizona State University with the goal of pursuing a career in veterinary medicine. However, I found it difficult to achieve good g rades, work nearly full-time, and face to my responsibilities at home. After two years, it wa... ...ese skills include performing tasks efficiently, managing my time well, coping with stressful situations, being flexible, and working hard for long hours. Evidence of this is my 3.84 GPA since go to ASU in 1991, and achieved while maintaining a parenting role with my nephew and working as many as 70 hours per week. In addition, my years of meeting the public in the study have allowed me to develop good interpersonal skills. I believe that these qualities, along with my love of science, will enable me to become a competent and humane physician.

Computer Crime :: essays research papers

Computer CrimeA young man sits illuminated only by the light of a calculator screen. Hisfingers dance across the keyboard. succession it appears that he is only wordprocessing or playing a game, he may be committing a felony.In the subject of Connecticut, computer execration is defined as 53a-251. ComputerCrime(a) Defined. A person commits computer crime when he violates any of theprovisions of this section.(b) Unauthorized access to a computer system. (1) A person is unrighteous of thecomputer crime of unauthorized access to a computer system when, knowing that heis not authorized to do so, he accesses or causes the be accessed any computersystem without authorization...(c) Theft of computer services. A person is guilty of the computer crime o ftheft of computer services when he accesses or causes to be accessed orotherwise uses or causes to be used a computer system with the invention to obtainunauthorized computer services.(d) Interruption of computer services. A person is guilty of the computercrime of interruption of computer services when he, without authorization,intentionally or recklessly disrupts or degrades or causes the disruption ordegradation of computer services or denies or causes the denial of computerservices to an authorized exploiter of a computer system.(e) Misuse of computer system information. A person is guilty of the computercrime of misuse of computer system information when (1) As a result of hisaccessing or causing to be accessed a computer system, he intentionally makes orcauses to be made an unauthorized display, use, disclosure or copy, in any form,of data residing in, communicated by or produced by a computer system.Penalties for committing computer crime range from a class B assault to aclass B felony. The severity of the penalty is determined based on the monetaryvalue of the damages inflicted. (2)The law has not always had a lot success stopping computer crime. In 1990 therewas a nationwide crackdown on illicit compu ter hackers, with arrests, criminalcharges, one dramatic show-trial, several guilty pleas, and huge confiscationsof data and equipment all over the USA.The Hacker Crackdown of 1990 was larger, better organized, more deliberate, andmore resolute than any previous efforts. The U.S. Secret Service, privatetelephone security, and state and local law enforcement groups across thecountry all joined forces in a determined attempt to break the back ofAmericas electronic underground. It was a gripping effort, with very mixedresults.In 1982, William Gibson coined the term "Cyberspace". Cyberspace is defined as"the "place" where a telephone conversation appears to occur.